13. Nasaw, Patriarch, 5–6; Kelly, Graves Are Walking, 299.

14. It’s possible they knew each other before departure or met on the voyage to America, but more likely they first laid eyes on each other in Boston. Rose Kennedy, in her memoirs, implies that Patrick and Bridget met after arriving in Boston. See Times to Remember, 20.

15. The first-last formulation is from Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 24.

16. Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy, 4. Other estimates are even lower; see Miller, “Emigration,” in Crowley, Smyth, and Murphy, Atlas, 225.

17. Peterson, City-State of Boston, 572; Nasaw, Patriarch, 7. Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote to his friend Henry David Thoreau to say how stunned he was to discover Irish laborers who regularly worked a fifteen-hour day for not more than fifty cents. O’Connor, Boston Irish, 100.

18. Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, 113.

19. O’Neill, Rogues and Redeemers, 4–5; O’Connor, Boston Irish, 60; Patrick Blessing, “Irish,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 530.

20. O’Connor, Boston Irish, 61.

21. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 323–24.

22. Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, 186; O’Neill, Rogues and Redeemers, 11.

23. Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 87–94, 135–42; Puleo, City So Grand, 72–73.

24. Quoted in Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 266.

25. O’Neill, Rogues and Redeemers, 16.

26. Quoted in Burns, John Kennedy, 7.

27. Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, 91.

28. Nasaw, Patriarch, 8; Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 24.

29. Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 226; Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 24–25.

30. Whalen, Founding Father, 14–15.

31. From 1851 to 1921, that is to say, after the famine, as many as 4.5 million left Ireland, about 3.7 million of them going to the United States.

32. Dolan, Irish Americans, 147–49.

33. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 27.

34. Duncliffe, Life and Times, 3; Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 31–32.

35. Leamer, Kennedy Men, 9.

36. Nasaw, Patriarch, 14.

37. Kessler, Sins of the Father, 12.

38. Nasaw, Patriarch, 13–14; Dallek, Unfinished Life, 15.

39. Nasaw, Patriarch, 13–14; Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 228.

40. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 31–32. Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy, 15–16; Kessler, Sins of the Father, 16.

41. Whalen, Founding Father, 22.

42. Kessler, Sins of the Father, 16; Leamer, Kennedy Men, 12.

43. Whalen, Founding Father, 23–24; Nasaw, Patriarch, 19.

44. Nasaw, Patriarch, 21; Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 34.

45. “List of Secondary Schools, Universities and Colleges…from Which Students Have Entered Harvard College During the Years 1901–1920,” Harvard University Archives (hereafter HUA).

46. Amory, Proper Bostonians, 292; Whalen, Founding Father, 31.

47. The class of 1910 was a golden one: in addition to Lippmann, it had poet T. S. Eliot, radical journalist John Reed, journalist Heywood Broun, poet Alan Seeger, theatrical stage designer Robert Edmond Jones, psychiatrist Carl Binger, and politicians Hamilton Fish III and Bronson Cutting.

48. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 12; Schlesinger, Veritas, 148; Nasaw, Patriarch, 23.

49. Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy, 19.

50. The story of the Yale game in which he earned his letter and also picked up the game ball would become controversial, a supposed sign of his bottomless and ruthless ambition, the argument being that the game ball should have gone to the winning Harvard pitcher. But teammates defended Joe on the grounds that he had made the final out at first base and therefore by custom was entitled to pocket the ball. See Nasaw, Patriarch, 24.

51. JPK Grade Card, UAIII 15.75.12 1910–1919, box 12, HUA.

52. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 29; Cameron, Rose, 27.

53. RK, Times to Remember, 8; Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 61–68.

54. O’Brien, John F. Kennedy, 6–7.

55. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 37; O’Donnell and Powers, “Johnny,” 58–59.

56. RK, Times to Remember, 6–7; Perry, Rose Kennedy, 15.

57. Cameron, Rose, 40.

58. Salinger quoted in Cameron, Rose, 53.

59. RK, Times to Remember, 28.

60. The specifics from the early period of the relationship are scarce. Only at the time of their wedding would Rose begin to document their relationship. Joe’s assessments of the early years, meanwhile, are extremely limited and entirely retrospective.

61. RK, Times to Remember, 57–58. Three-quarters of a century later, as she neared ninety years of age, Rose would say, “I shall always remember Old Orchard Beach as a place of magic, for it was the place where Joe and I fell in love.” Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 144.

62. C. F. Hennessey, “Prophecy for the Class of 1908,” in R. J. Dobbyn to JPK, January 24, 1934, box 34, JPKP; RK, Times to Remember, 59; Nasaw, Patriarch, 21.

63. Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 184–89; Perry, Rose Kennedy, 23–28.

64. She did not get an earned degree, however, as the college would become accredited only in 1917. It bestowed an honorary doctorate on Rose in 1953 and now considers her its most notable alumna. Perry, Rose Kennedy, 31.

65. Nasaw, Patriarch, 28.

66. Quoted in Nasaw, Patriarch, 32.

67. Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy, 22–23.

68. Nasaw, Patriarch, 39.

69. Halley, Dapper Dan, 105–9; Kessler, Sins of the Father, 18. An excellent biography of Curley is Beatty, Rascal King.

70. The scholarship on the origins is massive. See, e.g., Clark, Sleepwalkers; MacMillan, War That Ended Peace; McMeekin, July 1914; Ferguson, Pity of War.

71. Rose Kennedy diary and wedding log, box 1, RKP. The Boston papers covered the wedding; see, e.g., BP and BG, October 8, 1914.

72. O’Brien, John F. Kennedy, 19.