1. Nasaw, Patriarch, 286.

2. O’Brien, John F. Kennedy, 90; Life, April 11, 1938; Swift, Kennedys Amidst the Gathering, 35–36.

3. Times (London), May 28, 1938, quoted in Renehan, Kennedys at War, 54–55; Goodwin, Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, 540; Bailey, Black Diamonds, 338–40.

4. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 67–68; RK, Times to Remember, 157.

5. Whalen, Founding Father, 212.

6. Larson, Rosemary, 105–10; Swift, Kennedys Amidst the Gathering, 49–50.

7. RK diary notes, box 1, RKP; RK, Times to Remember, 217.

8. Quoted in Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 160.

9. Leamer, Kennedy Men, 118.

10. William Douglas-Home OH, JFKL; Leaming, Jack Kennedy: Education, 50.

11. Quoted in Swift, Kennedys Amidst the Gathering, 66–67. On Mitford, see also Thompson, The Six; and Mosley, Mitfords.

12. The topic of discussion was Churchill’s son-in-law, Duncan Sandys, a military officer and an MP himself. Sandys had asked a question in Parliament that revealed sensitive national security information, and was ordered to appear before a military court. A Committee of Privileges was asked to rule on whether this was a breach of parliamentary privilege (they ruled that it was). A debate ensued in Parliament about several procedural aspects of this episode, with Churchill defending his son-in-law’s actions.

13. Churchill, Arms and the Covenant; Leaming, Jack Kennedy: Education, 54–56.

14. Nasaw, Patriarch, 326; Riva, Dietrich, 469.

15. Hennessy OH, JFKL; O’Brien, John F. Kennedy, 92.

16. Overy, Twilight Years, 345–46; Perrett, Jack, 70.

17. JPK to Cordell Hull, August 31, 1938, printed in Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 270–72; Henry Morgenthau Jr. diaries, September 1, 1938, vol. 138, HMP, LC; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, 518.

18. Quoted in James, Europe Reborn, 147.

19. Jackson, Fall of France, 116–17. See also Martin Thomas, “France and the Czechoslovak Crisis,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 10, no. 2–3 (July 1, 1999): 122–59.

20. Joe Kennedy’s own account of these weeks is in JPK unpublished diplomatic memoir, chaps. 13 and 14, box 147, JPKP. Quote to the Cabinet is in Roberts, Storm of War, 8.

21. Berg, Lindbergh, 355–62, 367–68; Hessen, Berlin Alert, 92–105; Hermann, Lindbergh, 199. For Lindbergh’s high regard for Kennedy, see Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 159.

22. JPK unpublished diplomatic memoir, chap. 15, pp. 3–5, JFKL; Mosley, Lindbergh, 229–30. A important older study on the aviator’s views and actions in this period is Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh.

23. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 11, 72.

24. Ferguson, War of the World, 364; Berg, Lindbergh, 375. At no point would the Germans succeed in mass-producing an aircraft akin to the B-17 Flying Fortress, which the United States had in operation prior to the war.

25. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, in the introduction to the fifth volume of her letters and diaries, denied that her husband’s advocacy had contributed significantly to the Munich deal. Lindbergh, War Within and Without, xvi.

26. JPK unpublished diplomatic memoir, chap. 15, p. 11, box 147, JPKP; Hull, Memoirs, 590.

27. Reynolds, Summits, 84–87; Kershaw, To Hell and Back, 330–31. A detailed history is Faber, Munich, 1938.

28. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 123–25; Whalen, Founding Father, 243.

29. Meyers, As We Remember Him, 23; Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth, 243. Many years later, now-Senator John F. Kennedy would write, “Personally I shall always remember my assignment in Professor Holcombe’s class in government to examine a single Congressman for a year. The thought that some zealous and critical sophomore is now dissecting my own record in a similar class often causes me some concern.” Harvard Alumni Bulletin, May 19, 1956, box 19, JPKP.

30. Charlie Houghton interview, CBP.

31. Quoted in Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth, 241–42.

32. JFK to KLB, October 20, 1938, quoted in Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth, 246.

33. Damore, Cape Cod Years, 50.

34. Blair and Blair, Search for JFK, 68–69, 75; Horton OH, CBP.

35. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 166; Reynolds, From Munich, 39–40.

36. Quoted in Best, Churchill, 157.

37. Caquet, Bell of Treason, 149–50; Ferguson, War of the World, 363–64.

38. Kershaw, To Hell and Back, 333; Wark, Ultimate Enemy, 66–67. A nuanced assessment of the “war in 1938” counterfactual is in Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 652–56. Another one is in Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War, 92–96.

39. JPK to Hull, February 17, 1939, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1939 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), vol. 1, 16–17; Watt, How War Came, 79, 83; May, Strange Victory, 192.

40. JPK unpublished diplomatic memoir, chap. 18, pp. 1–4, box 147, JFKP. Arthur Krock offered soothing words: “I know what a wonderful job you have been doing, and I am highly indignant over the barrage of misrepresentations to which you have been subjected.” Krock to JPK, October 6, 1938, AKP.

41. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 178–79; WP, October 22, 1938. Joe Junior, quick as always to jump to his father’s defense, called Lippmann’s claim “the natural Jewish reaction….Either you have to be prepared to destroy the fascist nations…or you might as well try to get along with them. I know this is hard for the Jewish community in the U.S. to stomach, but they should see by now that the course which they have followed the last five years has brought them nothing but additional hardship.” JPK Jr. draft memo, November 14, 1938, printed in HTF, 301–2.

42. Brands, Traitor to His Class, 496–500.

43. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 178–79; Whalen, Founding Father, 248; JPK unpublished diplomatic memoir, chap. 18, pp. 4–6, box 147, JPKP.

44. Evans, Third Reich in Power, 580–97; Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris, 131–53.

45. JPK to Charles Lindbergh, November 12, 1938, printed in Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 300–301.

46. Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 233–34; Leamer, Kennedy Men, 114–15; Swift, Kennedys Amidst the Gathering, 108–9. Karabel, The Chosen. Joseph Kennedy’s foremost biographer, David Nasaw, came to the same conclusion regarding Kennedy’s attitudes. “David Nasaw and ‘The Patriarch,’ Part 2,” City Talk, CUNY TV, December 10, 2012, available at www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Sb6PGqxw1GQ.

47. Whalen, Founding Father, 252; Leamer, Kennedy Men, 115; Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy, 281–82.

48. NYT, November 27, 1938; Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 97; Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 232–33. On the U.S. government’s response to Kristallnacht, see also Wyman, Paper Walls, chap. 4. On the development of Nazi refugee policy, see Schleunes, Twisted Road.

49. RK diary notes, September 15, 1938, box 1, RKP.

50. JPK Jr. to Thomas Schriber, November 5, 1938, in Schriber interview, CBS interviews, JFKL; Searls, Lost Prince, 110.

51. JPK Jr. Note, November 21, 1938, printed in Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 303–4; JPK Jr. Note, December 10, 1938, printed in Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 305–6.

52. JFK to parents, n.d. (1938), box 56, JPKP; Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth, 249.

53. JFK to JPK, n.d. (1938), box 21, JFKPP.

54. Collier and Horowitz, Kennedys, 98.

55. Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth, 249.

56. Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships, 34–35; Swift, Kennedys Amidst the Gathering, 110; Leaming, Jack Kennedy: Education, 72–74.