1. “Rancho Runnamukka.” Web.archive.org, https://web.archive.org/web/19990218081137/http://www.accessone.com:80/~rivero/. Accessed 6 Aug. 2017.
2. West, Mick. “Debunked: Chemtrail Plane Interior (Ballast Barrels).” Metabunk, 20 Jul. 2012, https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-Chemtrail-plane-interior-ballast-barrels.t661/. Accessed 6 Aug. 2017.
Introduction
1. Kinetz, Erika; & International Herald Tribune. “At Archer Daniels, a bitter taste lingers.” Nytimes.com, 23 Mar. 2002, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/at-archer-daniels-a-bitter-taste-lingers.html. Accessed 18 Mar. 2018.
2. NY Daily News. “Menendez sold his office by accepting bribes: federal prosecutor.” NY Daily News, 7 Sept. 2017, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/menendez-sold-office-accepting-bribes-federal-prosecutor-article-1.3476857. Accessed 21 Sept. 2017.
3. Justice Policy Institute. “Gaming The System: How The Political Strategies Of Private Prison Companies Promote Ineffective Incarceration Policies.” Justicepolicy.org, 21 Jun. 2011, http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/gaming_the_system.pdf. Accessed 10 Sept. 2017.
4. “rabbit hole—Wiktionary.” En.wiktionary.org, 13 Feb. 2018, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rabbit_hole. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
5. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,” 1865, Chapter 1 “Down the Rabbit Hole.”
6. Farley, Tim. “What’s The Harm?” 22 Nov. 2011, http://whatstheharm.net/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
7. “Chemtrail Detox—How To Protect—Heavy Metal Detox.” Chemdefense.com, https://www.chemdefense.com/Chemtrails-how-to-protect-and-detox/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
8. James, Brendan. “9/11 Conspiracy Theories: Inside The Lonely Lives Of Truthers, Still Looking For Their Big Break.” International Business Times, 11 Sept. 2015, http://www.ibtimes.com/911-conspiracy-theories-inside-lonely-lives-truthers-still-looking-their-big-break-2091474. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
9. Haystack. “An Anatomy of Paranoia—disinformation.” disinformation, 28 Aug. 2014, http://disinfo.com/2014/08/anatomy-paranoia/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
10. Douglas, K. M., & Leite, A. C. (2017). Suspicion in the workplace: Organizational conspiracy theories and work-related outcomes. British Journal of Psychology, 108(3), 486–506.
11. Berdik, Chris. “How geoengineering and Harvard’s David Keith became a hot topic.” BostonGlobe.com, 19 Oct. 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2013/10/19/how-geoengineering-and-harvard-david-keith-became-hot-topic/JBkPRydP1Tnd86oclwJT8K/story.html. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
12. “bubba clinton gets angry at ‘9/11 heckler.’” Youtube.com, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-yTh6k7p2k. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
13. “‘False Flag’ Hoaxers Claim Mass Shootings Are Staged.” VICE Selects, https://www.facebook.com/VICEselects/videos/845144652340193/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
14. Robb, Amanda. “Pizzagate: Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal.” Rolling Stone, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/pizzagate-anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-w511904. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
15. Ronson, Jon. “Timothy McVeigh—Conspirators.” the Guardian, 5 May 2001, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/05/mcveigh.usa. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
16. Salon. “Tamerlan Tsarnaev: Conspiracy theorist.” Salon, 25 Apr. 2013, https://www.salon.com/2013/04/25/tamerlan_tsarnaev_conspiracy_theorist/. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
17. Oxford Dictionaries. “Definition of debunk.” https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/debunk. Accessed 7 Apr. 2018.
Chapter 1
1. DeHaven-Smith, Lance. Conspiracy Theory in America (Kindle Locations 1885–1887). 2013, University of Texas Press. Kindle Edition.
2. Google Books. “The Journal of Mental Science.” Google Books, Page 141, https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Journal_of_Mental_Science.html?id=VsRMAAAAYAAJ. Accessed 5 Sept. 2017.
3. West, Mick. “Debunked: The CIA invented the term ‘Conspiracy Theory’ in 1967 in use for 70 years prior.” Metabunk, 29 Nov. 2012, https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-the-cia-invented-the-term-conspiracy-theory-in-1967-in-use-for-70-years-prior.t960/. Accessed 5 Sept. 2017.
4. Graham, Howard Jay. “The ‘Conspiracy Theory’ of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Jstor.org, http://www.jstor.org/stable/791947. Accessed 7 Apr. 2018.
5. Baum, William Chandler. “The conspiracy theory of politics of the radical right in the United States” (University of Iowa, PhD Thesis, 1960).
6. Wilcox, Walter. “The Press of the Radical Right: An Exploratory Analysis, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly—Walter Wilcox, 1962.” Journals.sagepub.com, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/107769906203900202. Accessed 5 Sept. 2017.
7. Hofstadter, Richard. “The Paranoid Style in American Politics.” Harper’s magazine, https://harpers.org/archive/1964/11/the-paranoid-style-in-american-politics/. Accessed 7 Oct. 2017.
8. Dalzell, Tom; & Victor, Terry, eds. The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 2007, Routledge. p. 672.
Chapter 2
1. Musgrave, Paul. “Perspective | Democracy requires trust. But Trump is making us all into conspiracy theorists.” Washington Post, 7 Mar. 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/03/07/democracy-requires-trust-but-trump-is-making-us-all-into-conspiracy-theorists/. Accessed 6 Aug. 2017.
2. Doc, Ken. “MICK WEST.” INVESTIGATE 9/11, 12 Sept. 2016, https://kendoc911.wordpress.com/911-shills/mick-west/. Accessed 30 Nov. 2017.
3. Doc, Ken. “INVESTIGATE 9/11.” https://kendoc911.wordpress.com/. Accessed 30 Nov. 2017.
4. Barkun, Michael. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. 2003, University of California Press.
5. Levin, Nicholas. “WHAT IS YOUR HOP LEVEL? Ten 9/11 Paradigms summeroftruth.org.” Web.archive.org, 1 Apr. 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041030111442/http://summeroftruth.org/lihopmihopnohop.html. Accessed 7 Aug. 2017.
Chapter 3
1. Reddit User, “DebateFlatEarth.” 2017, https://goo.gl/WwdLXC.
2. Fleming, Michael David. “Mick West: Busted Internet Troll at Metabunk.” https://www.michaeldavidfleming.com/mick-west-busted-internet-troll-at-metabunk/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
3. Doc, Ken. “MICK WEST.” Ken Doc—INVESTIGATE 9/11, 12 Sept. 2016, https://kendoc911.wordpress.com/911-shills/mick-west/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
4. West, Mick. “The IT2010 Competition.” Mickwest.com, 11 Jan. 2007, http://mickwest.com/2007/01/11/the-it2010-competition/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017.
5. American Red Cross. “Blood Donor Eligibility: Blood Pressure, Pregnancy, Disease & More.” http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/eligibility-requirements/eligibility-criteria-alphabetical-listing. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.
Chapter 4
1. Shuck, John. “The Science Behind the Collapse of the Three World Trade Center Towers on 9/11.” Beta.prx.org, 9 Jun. 2017, https://beta.prx.org/stories/214113. Accessed 4 Sept. 2017.
2. Beard, Martin M. “What Happened?—My Story.” Metabunk, 30 Mar. 2016, https://www.metabunk.org/martin-m-beard-what-happened-my-story.t7452/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2017.
3. WeAreChange Los Angeles. “9-11 Truth March 10-11-08 Santa Monica Part 3 FIREFIGHTERS—YouTube.” Youtube.com, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9lq6P9RrOg. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017.
4. Ventura, Jess. “Abby Martin Uncovers 9/11 | Jesse Ventura Off The Grid.” Youtube.com, 12 Sept 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yi7XMrlEiU. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017.
5. Ventura, Jesse. “Counter-Conspiracy: World Trade Center 7 | Jesse Ventura Off The Grid.” Youtube.com, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3IvRPGVFmk. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017.
6. Lawson, Anthony. “WTC7—This is an Orange—YouTube.” Youtube.com, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zv7BImVvEyk. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017.
7. Benson, Buster. “Cognitive bias cheat sheet—Better Humans.” Better Humans, 1 Sept. 2016, https://betterhumans.coach.me/cognitive-bias-cheat-sheet-55a472476b18. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
8. Dolan, Eric W. “Studies find the need to feel unique is linked to belief in conspiracy theories.” PsyPost, 8 Aug. 2017, http://www.psypost.org/2017/08/studies-find-need-feel-unique-linked-belief-conspiracy-theories-49444. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
9. Sloat, Sarah. “Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists.” Inverse, 17 Oct. 2017, https://www.inverse.com/article/37463-conspiracy-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
10. Dolan, Eric W. “Losers are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, study finds.” PsyPost, 17 Sept. 2017, http://www.psypost.org/2017/09/losers-likely-believe-conspiracy-theories-study-finds-49694. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
11. Bolton, Doug. “Conspiracy theorists are more likely to be suffering from stress, study finds.” The Independent, 11 May 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/conspiracy-theories-stress-psychology-study-anglia-ruskin-a7023966.html. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
12. Levesque, Danielle. “Narcissism and low self-esteem predict conspiracy beliefs.” PsyPost, 25 Feb. 2016, http://www.psypost.org/2016/02/narcissism-and-low-self-esteem-predict-conspiracy-beliefs-41253. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
13. Zareva, Teodora. “Conspiracy Theories: Why the More Educated Don’t Believe Them.” Big Think, 12 Apr. 2017, http://bigthink.com/design-for-good/how-likely-are-you-to-believe-in-conspiracy-theories-depends-on-these-factors. Accessed 29 Dec. 2017.
14. Dolan, Eric W. “Study: The personal need to eliminate uncertainty predicts belief in conspiracy theories.” PsyPost, 28 Jun. 2017, http://www.psypost.org/2017/06/study-personal-need-eliminate-uncertainty-predicts-belief-conspiracy-theories-49211. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
15. Rivas, Anthony. “Bipartisan Anti-Vaxxers And The Weird Science Behind Conspiracies.” Medical Daily, 20 Jan. 2015, http://www.medicaldaily.com/conspiracy-theories-mostly-believed-people-far-left-right-political-spectrum-318502. Accessed 20 Oct. 2017.
16. To get this percentage you square the r value and multiply by 100.
17. IFLScience. “People Who Believe Conspiracy Theories Just Want To Be Unique, Say Psychologists.” 18 Aug. 2017, http://www.iflscience.com/brain/people-who-believe-conspiracy-theories-just-want-to-be-unique-say-psychologists/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2017.
18. Dolan, Eric W. “Studies find the need to feel unique is linked to belief in conspiracy theories.” PsyPost, 8 Aug. 2017, http://www.psypost.org/2017/08/studies-find-need-feel-unique-linked-belief-conspiracy-theories-49444. Accessed 25 Aug. 2017.
19. Edelson, Jack; Alduncin, Alexander; Sieja, James; & Uscinski, Joseph. “The Effect of Conspiratorial Thinking and Motivated Reasoning on Belief in Election Fraud.” Political Research Quarterly 2017. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1065912917721061. Accessed 21 Sept. 2017.
20. Uscinski, Joseph; Parent, Joseph; & Torres, Bethany.. “Conspiracy Theories are for Losers.” Papers.ssrn.com, 1 Aug. 2011, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1901755. Accessed 22 Sept. 2017.
21. De Keersmaecker, Jonas; & Roets, Arne. “‘Fake news’: Incorrect, but hard to correct. The role of cognitive ability on the impact of false information on social impressions.” Sciencedirect.com, 7 Nov. 2017, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289617301617. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
22. Cichocka, Aleksandra; Marchlewska, Marta; & Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka. “Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Predict Conspiracy Beliefs? Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories.” 2016, Journals.sagepub.com, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550615616170. Accessed 18 Feb. 2018.
23. Sunstein, Cass; & Vermeule, Adrian. “Conspiracy Theories.” John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 387, 2008, http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=law_and_economics.
24. “Conspiracy Road Trip: UFOs.” BBC, Oct 15, 2012, https://youtube/7ByWCFX4ZQs?t=53m37s. Accessed 31 Aug. 2017.
Chapter 5
1. Cairns, Rose. “Climates of suspicion: ‘Chemtrail’ conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering.” Onlinelibrary.wiley.com, 25 Nov. 2014, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geoj.12116/full. Accessed 7 Jan. 2018.
2. Sagan, Carl. Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (Kindle Locations 7218-7220). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
3. Dunne, Carey. “My month with Chemtrails conspiracy theorists.” the Guardian, 22 May 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/22/california-conspiracy-theorist-farmers-Chemtrails. Accessed 10 Aug. 2017.
4. Nyhan, Brendan; & Reifler, Jason. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” SpringerLink, 1 Jun. 2010, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.
5. Cook, John; & Lewandowsky, Stephan. The Debunking Handbook. Skepticalscience.com, 22 Jan. 2012, https://www.skepticalscience.com/docs/Debunking_Handbook.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.
6. Wood, Thomas; & Porter, Ethan. “The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence.” Papers.ssrn.com, 31 Dec. 2017, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2819073. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.
7. Chan, Man-pui Sally, et al. “Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation.—PubMed—NCBI.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895452. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.
8. West, Mick. “Debunked: The ‘short-lived’ fires of WTC 1 & 2.” Metabunk, 12 Jun. 2013, https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-the-short-lived-fires-of-wtc-1-2.t1771/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
9. The Associated Press. “Landfill burned for weeks; property owner facing charges.” Sun-Sentinel.com, 5 Dec. 2017, http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/miami-dade/fl-reg-dade-illegal-landfill-20171205-story.html. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
10. Foran, Chris. “‘Like looking down on hell’: When a Milwaukee dump caught fire and burned for months.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 14 Nov. 2017, https://www.jsonline.com/story/life/green-sheet/2017/11/14/like-looking-down-hell-when-milwaukee-dump-caught-fire-and-burned-months/856767001/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
11. Tribune Wire. “Underground fire outside St. Louis has burned since 2010, nears nuclear waste dump.” chicagotribune.com, 10 Oct. 2015, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/midwest/ct-st-louis-underground-fire-20151010-story.html. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
Chapter 6
1. Wikipedia: “McVeigh felt the need to personally reconnoiter sites of rumored conspiracies. He visited Area 51 in order to defy government restrictions on photography and went to Gulfport, Mississippi to determine the veracity of rumors about United Nations operations.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh.
Chapter 7
1. West, Mick. “A brief history of ‘Chemtrails’—Contrail Science.” Contrail Science, 11 May 2007, http://contrailscience.com/a-brief-history-of-Chemtrails/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
2. Izrael, Yuri, et al. “Field experiment on studying solar radiation passing through aerosol layer.” SpringerLink, 1 May 2009, https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S106837390905001X. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
3. Russell, Lynn M., et al., “Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE).” Research Profiles, http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/gcroberts/content/eastern-pacific-emitted-aerosol-cloud-experiment-e-peace. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
4. Keith, David W.; Duren, Riley; & MacMartin, Douglas G. “Field experiments on solar geoengineering: report of a workshop exploring a representative research portfolio.” PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240958/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
5. Dykema, John A. “Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 28 Dec. 2014, http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/372/2031/20140059. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
6. Temple, James. “Harvard scientists are gearing up for some of the first outdoor geoengineering experiments.” MIT Technology Review, 29 Mar. 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603974/harvard-scientists-moving-ahead-on-plans-for-atmospheric-geoengineering-experiments/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
7. MacMartin, Douglas G. “Geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols: What do we not know after a decade of research?” Onlinelibrary.wiley.com, 18 Nov. 2016, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016EF000418/full. Accessed 15 Feb. 2018.
8. West, Mick. “Calculator for RHi and Contrail Persistence Criteria.” Metabunk, 12 Jan. 2016, https://www.metabunk.org/calculator-for-rhi-and-contrail-persistence-criteria.t7196/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
9. American Meteorological Society. “Mixing cloud—AMS Glossary.” Glossary.ametsoc.org, 11 Jul. 2016, http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Mixing_cloud. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
10. Thomas, William. “Frequently Aired Criticisms.” Web.archive.org, https://web.archive.org/web/19990508091715/http://www.islandnet.com:80/~wilco/Chemtrailsfacs.htm. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.
11. West, Mick. “Pre 1995 Persistent Contrail Archive.” Metabunk, 23 Mar. 2012, https://www.metabunk.org/pre-1995-persistent-contrail-archive.t487/. Accessed 31 Oct. 2017.
12. West, Mick. “Debunking ‘Contrails don’t persist’ with 70 years of books on clouds.” YouTube, 28 Feb, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X72uACIN_00. Accessed 31 Oct. 2017.
13. Wigington, Dane. “High Bypass Turbofan Jet Engines, Geoengineering, And The Contrail Lie.” Geoengineering Watch, 9 Sep. 2017, http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/the-contrail-lie/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
14. ibid.
15. West, Mick. “Debunked: High Bypass Turbofans do not make Contrails actually they make more.” Metabunk, 26 Feb. 2014, https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-high-bypass-turbofans-do-not-make-contrails-actually-they-make-more.t3187/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
16. Marcianò, Rosario / Tanker Enemy. “The insider: Chemtrails KC-10 sprayer air to air—The proof.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSSWnXQsgOU. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.
17. M., Tim. “The original ‘KC-10 spreading Chemtrails’ spoof video.” Mar 12 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t22wy4c-A-A. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.
18. M., Tim. “KC-10 Still pics.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGNyZ9PKtyI. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.
19. Geoengineering Watch. “Smoking Gun Proof Of Atmospheric Spraying.” Dec 2 2014, http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/smoking-gun-proof-of-atmospheric-spraying/. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017.
20. Trans-Pecos WMA. “Seeding Report.” Wtwma.com, 24 Aug. 2017, http://wtwma.com/Daily%20Operations/TPWMA/08242017T.pdf. Accessed 31 Aug. 2017.
21. Dick Van Dyke Show. “Cloud Seeding Mentioned on the Dick Van Dyke Show, 1965.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VUaHvTiwkg. Accessed 27 Nov. 2017.
22. U.S. Air Service. Reprinted in Monthly Weather Review, July 1921, http://contrailscience.com/files/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf.