Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following sources for permission to use the images in this book:

0.1: © Richard Nowitz

0.2: Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY

0.3: blickwinkel/Alamy

1.1: Paul Chesley/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images

1.2: Bruce Dale/National Geographic/Getty Images

2.1: Werner Forman/HIP/The Image Works

2.2: Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA/Frank L. Babbott Fund and Carll H. de Silver Fund/The Bridgeman Art Library

2.3: © John Heseltine

3.1: VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/Digital Vision/Getty Images

3.2: James P. Blair/Photodisc/Getty Images

4.1: © Photo DC

6.1: Photo by Scott J. Ferrell/Congressional Quarterly/Getty Images

6.2: Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images

6.3: Sandra Baker/Alamy

6.4: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, cph 3b32779

6.5: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, cph 3a01226

6.6: TIM SLOAN/AFP/Getty Images

6.7: Photo by Herbert Orth/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images

7.1: © Richard Nowitz

8.1: © Photo DC

9.1: British Library, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY

10.1: © Robert Bull

11.1: © Richard Nowitz

11.2: AP Photo/Purdue News Service

11.3: National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

13.1: KAREN BLEIER/AFP/Getty Images

13.2: © Per Haagensen

15.1: Scott Hess Photography

15.2: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/The Bridgeman Art Library

16.1: Chris Pinchbeck/Aurora/Getty Images

16.2: Courtesy National Archives, 210-G-C839

17.1 T: © iStockphoto.com/RonyGraphics

17.2 TC: © iStockphoto.com/ggodby

17.3 C: © iStockphoto.com/johnwoodcock

17.4 BC: © Robert Bull

17.5 B: © iStockphoto.com/Thirteen-Fifty

17.6: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division

18.1: Richard Merritt FRPS/Flickr/Getty Images

19.1: Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library

19.2: Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/The Bridgeman Art Library

19.3: Topham/The Image Works

19.4: V&A Images, London/Art Resource, NY

20.1: imagebroker/Alamy

20.2: Cameron Davidson/Workbook Stock/Getty Images

20.3: Imagno/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

21.1: © Photo DC

21.2: © Rachele Pearce

21.3: © Rachele Pearce

21.4: Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library

21.5: Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library

21.6: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY

21.7: Private Collection/ Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library

22.1: © Richard Nowitz

22.2: “The Three Graces” © 2004, a painting by Michael Parkes. All Rights Reserved. Represented exclusively by Swan King Editions, LLC.

23.1: Private Collection/Ken Welsh/The Bridgeman Art Library

28.1: © Dennis Brack/DanitaDelimont.com

29.1: JHP Public Safety/Alamy

30.1: Academie des Sciences, Paris, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library

30.2: Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library

32.1: Courtesy of the author

34.1: © Richard Nowitz

36.1: Doug Blane (www.DougBlane.com)/Alamy

37.1: © Richard Nowitz

38.1: © Carlos Carrion/Sygma/Corbis

39.1: Steve Allen/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images

41.1: Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Crete, Greece/Bernard Cox/The Bridgeman Art Library

41.2: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University

42.1: Photo by Scott J. Ferrell/Congressional Quarterly/Getty Images

46.1: © Richard Nowitz

46.2: John Grant/The Image Bank/Getty Images

46.3: The Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIGhighsm-02096

46.4: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, LC-DIGppmsca-22306

46.5: Library of Congress Photo/ Micheala McNichol

46.6: John Grant/The Image Bank/Getty Images

49.1: The Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIGhighsm-02070

49.2: The Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIGhighsm-02120

49.3: San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy/Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Library

50.1: Stock Connection Blue/Alamy

52.1: Private Collection/Courtesy of Swann Auction Galleries/The Bridgeman Art Library

53.1: LHB Photo/Alamy

55.1: The Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIGhighsm-02785

56.1: The Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIGhighsm-02782

57.1: Ann Rayworth/Alamy

58.1: Jose CABEZAS/AFP/Getty Images

58.2: SNL/DOE/Photo Researchers, Inc.

59.1: Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-15563

62.1: © Richard Nowitz

63.1: © Richard Nowitz

68.1: Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany/The Bridgeman Art Library

70.1: Ann Ronan Picture Library, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY

71.1: Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images

73.1: © Richard Nowitz

73.2: Bacon, Francis, Sylva sylvarum: or, A natural history in ten centuries (1664), Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Sydney Library

74.1: © Richard Nowitz

75.1: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division

76.1: © Richard Nowitz

76.2: Purestock/Getty Images

77.1: Joan Baron/Photo Researchers, Inc.

77.2: Topham/The Image Works

77.3: Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works

77.4: Charles Walker/Topham/The Image Works

78.1: Philip Scalia/Alamy

78.2: O’Shea Gallery, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library

78.3: William S. Kuta/Alamy

78.4: Bible Society, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library

79.1: Nadia M.B. Hughes/National Geographic/Getty Images

79.2: public domain image by Cyraxote

80.1: Courtesy of National Sportswear & Emblem, Ltd.

81.1: C. Walker/Topham/The Image Works

81.2: © iStockphoto.com/wings

82.1: Corbis Premium RF/Alamy

82.2: The Stapleton Collection/Art Resource, NY

82.3: Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

84.1: Stock Connection Blue/Alamy

85.1: Charles Walker/Topfoto /The Image Works (detail)

85.2: Louvre, Paris, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library

85.3: Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

86.1: Alinari Archives/The Image Works

87.1: © Richard Nowitz

87.2: Irene Abdou/Alamy

89.1: © Photo DC

89.2: SSPL/Science Museum/The Image Works

93.1: © Richard Nowitz

96.1: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

96.2: Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY

96.3: Scott S. Warren/National Geographic/Getty Images

97.1: Chris Nevins/Flickr/Getty Images

99.1: © Richard Nowitz

111.1: Photo by: Randy Santos/dcstockimages.com

111.2: Smithsonian American ArtMuseum, Washington,DC/Art Resource, NY

112.1: © Gordon Baer/Cincinnati

116.1: British Museum, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library

117.1: © Richard Nowitz

117.2: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

118.1: Sisse Brimberg/National Geographic/Getty Images

119.1: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

129.1: Stock Connection Blue/Alamy

129.2: Theodor Horydczak Collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, LC-H824-T-M04-045

129.3: Vito Palmisano/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images

130.1: Private Collection/Ann & Bury Peerless Picture Library/The Bridgeman Art Library

130.2: Jack Sullivan/Alamy

131.1: Division of Political History, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

133.1: Brian M. Williams

133.2: Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.

EPI.1: Walter Bibikow/Taxi/Getty Images