PART ONE

CHAPTER 1

It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were strikingthirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in aneffort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glassdoors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent aswirl of gritty dust from entering along with him.The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. At oneend of it a coloured poster, too large for indoor display, had beentacked to the wall. It depicted simply an enormous face, more thana metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavyblack moustache and ruggedly handsome features. Winston madefor the stairs. It was no use trying the lift. Even at the best of timesit was seldom working, and at present the electric current was cutoff during daylight hours. It was part of the economy drive inpreparation for Hate Week. The flat was seven flights up, andWinston, who was thirty-nine and had a varicose ulcer above hisright ankle, went slowly, resting several times on the way. On eachlanding, opposite the lift-shaft, the poster with the enormous facegazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are socontrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIGBROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran.Inside the flat a fruity voice was reading out a list of figureswhich had something to do with the production of pig-iron. The voice came from an oblong metal plaque like a dulled mirror whichformed part of the surface of the right-hand wall. Winston turned aswitch and the voice sank somewhat, though the words were stilldistinguishable. The instrument (the telescreen, it was called)could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it offcompletely. He moved over to the window: a smallish, frail figure,the meagreness of his body merely emphasized by the blue overallswhich were the uniform of the party. His hair was very fair, his facenaturally sanguine, his skin roughened by coarse soap and bluntrazor blades and the cold of the winter that had just ended.Outside, even through the shut window-pane, the worldlooked cold. Down in the street little eddies of wind were whirlingdust and torn paper into spirals, and though the sun was shiningand the sky a harsh blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything,except the posters that were plastered everywhere. The blackmoustachio’d face gazed down from every commanding corner.There was one on the house-front immediately opposite. BIGBROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption said, while the darkeyes looked deep into Winston’s own. Down at street level anotherposter, torn at one corner, flapped fitfully in the wind, alternatelycovering and uncovering the single word INGSOC. In the fardistance a helicopter skimmed down between the roofs, hoveredfor an instant like a bluebottle, and darted away again with acurving flight. It was the police patrol, snooping into people’swindows. The patrols did not matter, however. Only the ThoughtPolice mattered.Behind Winston’s back the voice from the telescreen was stillbabbling away about pig-iron and the overfulfilment of the NinthThree-Year Plan. The telescreen received and transmittedsimultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as heremained within the field of vision which the metal plaquecommanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of courseno way of knowing whether you were being watched at any givenmoment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Policeplugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was evenconceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at anyrate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to. You hadto live — did live, from habit that became instinct — in theassumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, exceptin darkness, every movement scrutinized.Winston kept his back turned to the telescreen. It was safer;though, as he well knew, even a back can be revealing. A kilometreaway the Ministry of Truth, his place of work, towered vast andwhite above the grimy landscape. This, he thought with a sort ofvague distaste — this was London, chief city of Airstrip One, itselfthe third most populous of the provinces of Oceania. He tried tosqueeze out some childhood memory that should tell him whetherLondon had always been quite like this. Were there always thesevistas of rotting nineteenth-century houses, their sides shored upwith baulks of timber, their windows patched with cardboard andtheir roofs with corrugated iron, their crazy garden walls sagging inall directions? And the bombed sites where the plaster dust swirledin the air and the willow-herb straggled over the heaps of rubble;and the places where the bombs had cleared a larger patch andthere had sprung up sordid colonies of wooden dwellings likechicken-houses? But it was no use, he could not remember:nothing remained of his childhood except a series of bright-littableaux occurring against no background and mostlyunintelligible. The Ministry of Truth — Minitrue, in Newspeak Newspeakwas the official language of Oceania. For an account of its structureand etymology see Appendix.— was startlingly different from anyother object in sight. It was an enormous pyramidal structure ofglittering white concrete, soaring up, terrace after terrace, 300metres into the air. From where Winston stood it was just possibleto read, picked out on its white face in elegant lettering, the threeslogans of the Party:

WAR IS PEACEFREEDOM IS SLAVERYIGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

The Ministry of Truth contained, it was said, three thousand roomsabove ground level, and corresponding ramifications below.Scattered about London there were just three other buildings ofsimilar appearance and size. So completely did they dwarf thesurrounding architecture that from the roof of Victory Mansionsyou could see all four of them simultaneously. They were thehomes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatusof government was divided. The Ministry of Truth, whichconcerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the finearts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. TheMinistry of Love, which maintained law and order. And theMinistry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs.Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, andMiniplenty.The Ministry of Love was the really frightening one. Therewere no windows in it at all. Winston had never been inside theMinistry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a placeimpossible to enter except on official business, and then only bypenetrating through a maze of barbed-wire entanglements, steel doors, and hidden machine-gun nests. Even the streets leading upto its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in blackuniforms, armed with jointed truncheons.Winston turned round abruptly. He had set his features intothe expression of quiet optimism which it was advisable to wearwhen facing the telescreen. He crossed the room into the tinykitchen. By leaving the Ministry at this time of day he hadsacrificed his lunch in the canteen, and he was aware that therewas no food in the kitchen except a hunk of dark-coloured breadwhich had got to be saved for tomorrow’s breakfast. He took downfrom the shelf a bottle of colourless liquid with a plain white labelmarked VICTORY GIN. It gave off a sickly, oily smell, as of Chineserice-spirit. Winston poured out nearly a teacupful, nerved himselffor a shock, and gulped it down like a dose of medicine.Instantly his face turned scarlet and the water ran out of hiseyes. The stuff was like nitric acid, and moreover, in swallowing itone had the sensation of being hit on the back of the head with arubber club. The next moment, however, the burning in his bellydied down and the world began to look more cheerful. He took acigarette from a crumpled packet marked VICTORY CIGARETTESand incautiously held it upright, whereupon the tobacco fell out onto the floor. With the next he was more successful. He went back tothe living-room and sat down at a small table that stood to the leftof the telescreen. From the table drawer he took out a penholder, abottle of ink, and a thick, quarto-sized blank book with a red backand a marbled cover.For some reason the telescreen in the living-room was in anunusual position. Instead of being placed, as was normal, in theend wall, where it could command the whole room, it was in thelonger wall, opposite the window. To one side of it there was a shallow alcove in which Winston was now sitting, and which, whenthe flats were built, had probably been intended to holdbookshelves. By sitting in the alcove, and keeping well back,Winston was able to remain outside the range of the telescreen, sofar as sight went. He could be heard, of course, but so long as hestayed in his present position he could not be seen. It was partlythe unusual geography of the room that had suggested to him thething that he was now about to do.But it had also been suggested by the book that he had justtaken out of the drawer. It was a peculiarly beautiful book. Itssmooth creamy paper, a little yellowed by age, was of a kind thathad not been manufactured for at least forty years past. He couldguess, however, that the book was much older than that. He hadseen it lying in the window of a frowsy little junk-shop in a slummyquarter of the town (just what quarter he did not now remember)and had been stricken immediately by an overwhelming desire topossess it. Party members were supposed not to go into ordinaryshops (‘dealing on the free market’, it was called), but the rule wasnot strictly kept, because there were various things, such asshoelaces and razor blades, which it was impossible to get hold ofin any other way. He had given a quick glance up and down thestreet and then had slipped inside and bought the book for twodollars fifty. At the time he was not conscious of wanting it for anyparticular purpose. He had carried it guiltily home in his briefcase.Even with nothing written in it, it was a compromising possession.The thing that he was about to do was to open a diary. Thiswas not illegal (nothing was illegal, since there were no longer anylaws), but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would bepunished by death, or at least by twenty-five years in a forcedlabour camp. Winston fitted a nib into the penholder and sucked it to get the grease off. The pen was an archaic instrument, seldomused even for signatures, and he had procured one, furtively andwith some difficulty, simply because of a feeling that the beautifulcreamy paper deserved to be written on with a real nib instead ofbeing scratched with an ink-pencil. Actually he was not used towriting by hand. Apart from very short notes, it was usual to dictateeverything into the speak-write which was of course impossible forhis present purpose. He dipped the pen into the ink and thenfaltered for just a second. A tremor had gone through his bowels.To mark the paper was the decisive act. In small clumsy letters hewrote:April 4th, 1984.He sat back. A sense of complete helplessness had descended uponhim. To begin with, he did not know with any certainty that thiswas 1984. It must be round about that date, since he was fairly surethat his age was thirty-nine, and he believed that he had been bornin 1944 or 1945; but it was never possible nowadays to pin downany date within a year or two.For whom, it suddenly occurred to him to wonder, was hewriting this diary? For the future, for the unborn. His mindhovered for a moment round the doubtful date on the page, andthen fetched up with a bump against the Newspeak wordDOUBLETHINK. For the first time the magnitude of what he hadundertaken came home to him. How could you communicate withthe future? It was of its nature impossible. Either the future wouldresemble the present, in which case it would not listen to him: or itwould be different from it, and his predicament would bemeaningless.For some time he sat gazing stupidly at the paper. The telescreen had changed over to strident military music. It wascurious that he seemed not merely to have lost the power ofexpressing himself, but even to have forgotten what it was that hehad originally intended to say. For weeks past he had been makingready for this moment, and it had never crossed his mind thatanything would be needed except courage. The actual writingwould be easy. All he had to do was to transfer to paper theinterminable restless monologue that had been running inside hishead, literally for years. At this moment, however, even themonologue had dried up. Moreover his varicose ulcer had begunitching unbearably. He dared not scratch it, because if he did so italways became inflamed. The seconds were ticking by. He wasconscious of nothing except the blankness of the page in front ofhim, the itching of the skin above his ankle, the blaring of themusic, and a slight booziness caused by the gin.Suddenly he began writing in sheer panic, only imperfectlyaware of what he was setting down. His small but childishhandwriting straggled up and down the page, shedding first itscapital letters and finally even its full stops:April 4th, 1984. Last night to the flicks. All war films. One very goodone of a ship full of refugees being bombed somewhere in theMediterranean. Audience much amused by shots of a great huge fatman trying to swim away with a helicopter after him, first you sawhim wallowing along in the water like a porpoise, then you saw himthrough the helicopters gunsights, then he was full of holes and thesea round him turned pink and he sank as suddenly as though theholes had let in the water, audience shouting with laughter when hesank. then you saw a lifeboat full of children with a helicopterhovering over it. there was a middle-aged woman might have beena jewess sitting up in the bow with a little boy about three years oldin her arms. little boy screaming with fright and hiding his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow right into her andthe woman putting her arms round him and comforting himalthough she was blue with fright herself, all the time covering himup as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep thebullets of him. then the helicopter planted a 20 kilo bomb in amongthem terrific flash and the boat went all to matchwood. then therewas a wonderful shot of a child’s arm going up up up right up intothe air a helicopter with a camera in its nose must have followed itup and there was a lot of applause from the party seats but awoman down in the prole part of the house suddenly started kickingup a fuss and shouting they didnt oughter of showed it not in frontof kids they didnt it aint right not in front of kids it aint until thepolice turned her turned her out i dont suppose anything happenedto her nobody cares what the proles say typical prole reaction theynever ——Winston stopped writing, partly because he was suffering fromcramp. He did not know what had made him pour out this streamof rubbish. But the curious thing was that while he was doing so atotally different memory had clarified itself in his mind, to thepoint where he almost felt equal to writing it down. It was, he nowrealized, because of this other incident that he had suddenlydecided to come home and begin the diary today.It had happened that morning at the Ministry, if anything sonebulous could be said to happen.It was nearly eleven hundred, and in the Records Department,where Winston worked, they were dragging the chairs out of thecubicles and grouping them in the centre of the hall opposite thebig telescreen, in preparation for the Two Minutes Hate. Winstonwas just taking his place in one of the middle rows when twopeople whom he knew by sight, but had never spoken to, cameunexpectedly into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knewthat she worked in the Fiction Department. Presumably — since hehad sometimes seen her with oily hands and carrying a spanner —she had some mechanical job on one of the novel-writingmachines. She was a bold-looking girl, of about twenty-seven, withthick hair, a freckled face, and swift, athletic movements. A narrowscarlet sash, emblem of the Junior Anti-Sex League, was woundseveral times round the waist of her overalls, just tightly enough tobring out the shapeliness of her hips. Winston had disliked herfrom the very first moment of seeing her. He knew the reason. Itwas because of the atmosphere of hockey-fields and cold baths andcommunity hikes and general clean-mindedness which shemanaged to carry about with her. He disliked nearly all women,and especially the young and pretty ones. It was always the women,and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotedadherents of the Party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateurspies and nosers-out of unorthodoxy. But this particular girl gavehim the impression of being more dangerous than most. Oncewhen they passed in the corridor she gave him a quick sidelongglance which seemed to pierce right into him and for a momenthad filled him with black terror. The idea had even crossed hismind that she might be an agent of the Thought Police. That, it wastrue, was very unlikely. Still, he continued to feel a peculiaruneasiness, which had fear mixed up in it as well as hostility,whenever she was anywhere near him.The other person was a man named O’Brien, a member of theInner Party and holder of some post so important and remote thatWinston had only a dim idea of its nature. A momentary hushpassed over the group of people round the chairs as they saw theblack overalls of an Inner Party member approaching. O’Brien was a large, burly man with a thick neck and a coarse, humorous, brutalface. In spite of his formidable appearance he had a certain charmof manner. He had a trick of resettling his spectacles on his nosewhich was curiously disarming — in some indefinable way,curiously civilized. It was a gesture which, if anyone had stillthought in such terms, might have recalled an eighteenth-centurynobleman offering his snuffbox. Winston had seen O’Brienperhaps a dozen times in almost as many years. He felt deeplydrawn to him, and not solely because he was intrigued by thecontrast between O’Brien’s urbane manner and his prize-fighter’sphysique. Much more it was because of a secretly held belief — orperhaps not even a belief, merely a hope — that O’Brien’s politicalorthodoxy was not perfect. Something in his face suggested itirresistibly. And again, perhaps it was not even unorthodoxy thatwas written in his face, but simply intelligence. But at any rate hehad the appearance of being a person that you could talk to ifsomehow you could cheat the telescreen and get him alone.Winston had never made the smallest effort to verify this guess:indeed, there was no way of doing so. At this moment O’Brienglanced at his wrist-watch, saw that it was nearly eleven hundred,and evidently decided to stay in the Records Department until theTwo Minutes Hate was over. He took a chair in the same row asWinston, a couple of places away. A small, sandy-haired womanwho worked in the next cubicle to Winston was between them. Thegirl with dark hair was sitting immediately behind.The next moment a hideous, grinding speech, as of somemonstrous machine running without oil, burst from the bigtelescreen at the end of the room. It was a noise that set one’s teethon edge and bristled the hair at the back of one’s neck. The Hatehad started.

As usual, the face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Enemy of the
People, had flashed on to the screen. There were hisses here and
there among the audience. The little sandy-haired woman gave a
squeak of mingled fear and disgust. Goldstein was the renegade
and backslider who once, long ago (how long ago, nobody quite
remembered), had been one of the leading figures of the Party,
almost on a level with Big Brother himself, and then had engaged
in counter-revolutionary activities, had been condemned to death,
and had mysteriously escaped and disappeared. The programmes of
the Two Minutes Hate varied from day to day, but there was none
in which Goldstein was not the principal figure. He was the primal
traitor, the earliest defiler of the Party’s purity. All subsequent
crimes against the Party, all treacheries, acts of sabotage, heresies,
deviations, sprang directly out of his teaching. Somewhere or other
he was still alive and hatching his conspiracies: perhaps
somewhere beyond the sea, under the protection of his foreign
paymasters, perhaps even — so it was occasionally rumoured — in
some hiding-place in Oceania itself.
Winston’s diaphragm was constricted. He could never see the
face of Goldstein without a painful mixture of emotions. It was a
lean Jewish face, with a great fuzzy aureole of white hair and a
small goatee beard — a clever face, and yet somehow inherently
despicable, with a kind of senile silliness in the long thin nose, near
the end of which a pair of spectacles was perched. It resembled the
face of a sheep, and the voice, too, had a sheep-like quality.
Goldstein was delivering his usual venomous attack upon the
doctrines of the Party — an attack so exaggerated and perverse that
a child should have been able to see through it, and yet just
plausible enough to fill one with an alarmed feeling that other
people, less level-headed than oneself, might be taken in by it. He was abusing Big Brother, he was denouncing the dictatorship of the
Party, he was demanding the immediate conclusion of peace with
Eurasia, he was advocating freedom of speech, freedom of the
Press, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought, he was crying
hysterically that the revolution had been betrayed — and all this in
rapid polysyllabic speech which was a sort of parody of the habitual
style of the orators of the Party, and even contained Newspeak
words: more Newspeak words, indeed, than any Party member
would normally use in real life. And all the while, lest one should
be in any doubt as to the reality which Goldstein’s specious
claptrap covered, behind his head on the telescreen there marched
the endless columns of the Eurasian army — row after row of solidlooking men with expressionless Asiatic faces, who swam up to the
surface of the screen and vanished, to be replaced by others exactly
similar. The dull rhythmic tramp of the soldiers’ boots formed the
background to Goldstein’s bleating voice.
Before the Hate had proceeded for thirty seconds,
uncontrollable exclamations of rage were breaking out from half
the people in the room. The self-satisfied sheep-like face on the
screen, and the terrifying power of the Eurasian army behind it,
were too much to be borne: besides, the sight or even the thought
of Goldstein produced fear and anger automatically. He was an
object of hatred more constant than either Eurasia or Eastasia,
since when Oceania was at war with one of these Powers it was
generally at peace with the other. But what was strange was that
although Goldstein was hated and despised by everybody, although
every day and a thousand times a day, on platforms, on the
telescreen, in newspapers, in books, his theories were refuted,
smashed, ridiculed, held up to the general gaze for the pitiful
rubbish that they were — in spite of all this, his influence never seemed to grow less. Always there were fresh dupes waiting to be
seduced by him. A day never passed when spies and saboteurs
acting under his directions were not unmasked by the Thought
Police. He was the commander of a vast shadowy army, an
underground network of conspirators dedicated to the overthrow of
the State. The Brotherhood, its name was supposed to be. There
were also whispered stories of a terrible book, a compendium of all
the heresies, of which Goldstein was the author and which
circulated clandestinely here and there. It was a book without a
title. People referred to it, if at all, simply as THE BOOK. But one
knew of such things only through vague rumours. Neither the
Brotherhood nor THE BOOK was a subject that any ordinary Party
member would mention if there was a way of avoiding it.
In its second minute the Hate rose to a frenzy. People were
leaping up and down in their places and shouting at the tops of
their voices in an effort to drown the maddening bleating voice that
came from the screen. The little sandy-haired woman had turned
bright pink, and her mouth was opening and shutting like that of a
landed fish. Even O’Brien’s heavy face was flushed. He was sitting
very straight in his chair, his powerful chest swelling and quivering
as though he were standing up to the assault of a wave. The darkhaired girl behind Winston had begun crying out ‘Swine! Swine!
Swine!’ and suddenly she picked up a heavy Newspeak dictionary
and flung it at the screen. It struck Goldstein’s nose and bounced
off; the voice continued inexorably. In a lucid moment Winston
found that he was shouting with the others and kicking his heel
violently against the rung of his chair. The horrible thing about the
Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but,
on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in. Within
thirty seconds any pretence was always unnecessary. A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to
smash faces in with a sledge-hammer, seemed to flow through the
whole group of people like an electric current, turning one even
against one’s will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic. And yet the
rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could
be switched from one object to another like the flame of a
blowlamp. Thus, at one moment Winston’s hatred was not turned
against Goldstein at all, but, on the contrary, against Big Brother,
the Party, and the Thought Police; and at such moments his heart
went out to the lonely, derided heretic on the screen, sole guardian
of truth and sanity in a world of lies. And yet the very next instant
he was at one with the people about him, and all that was said of
Goldstein seemed to him to be true. At those moments his secret
loathing of Big Brother changed into adoration, and Big Brother
seemed to tower up, an invincible, fearless protector, standing like
a rock against the hordes of Asia, and Goldstein, in spite of his
isolation, his helplessness, and the doubt that hung about his very
existence, seemed like some sinister enchanter, capable by the
mere power of his voice of wrecking the structure of civilization.
It was even possible, at moments, to switch one’s hatred this
way or that by a voluntary act. Suddenly, by the sort of violent
effort with which one wrenches one’s head away from the pillow in
a nightmare, Winston succeeded in transferring his hatred from
the face on the screen to the dark-haired girl behind him. Vivid,
beautiful hallucinations flashed through his mind. He would flog
her to death with a rubber truncheon. He would tie her naked to a
stake and shoot her full of arrows like Saint Sebastian. He would
ravish her and cut her throat at the moment of climax. Better than
before, moreover, he realized WHY it was that he hated her. He
hated her because she was young and pretty and sexless, because he wanted to go to bed with her and would never do so, because
round her sweet supple waist, which seemed to ask you to encircle
it with your arm, there was only the odious scarlet sash, aggressive
symbol of chastity.
The Hate rose to its climax. The voice of Goldstein had become
an actual sheep’s bleat, and for an instant the face changed into
that of a sheep. Then the sheep-face melted into the figure of a
Eurasian soldier who seemed to be advancing, huge and terrible,
his sub-machine gun roaring, and seeming to spring out of the
surface of the screen, so that some of the people in the front row
actually flinched backwards in their seats. But in the same
moment, drawing a deep sigh of relief from everybody, the hostile
figure melted into the face of Big Brother, black-haired, blackmoustachio’d, full of power and mysterious calm, and so vast that
it almost filled up the screen. Nobody heard what Big Brother was
saying. It was merely a few words of encouragement, the sort of
words that are uttered in the din of battle, not distinguishable
individually but restoring confidence by the fact of being spoken.
Then the face of Big Brother faded away again, and instead the
three slogans of the Party stood out in bold capitals:

WAR IS PEACE
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

But the face of Big Brother seemed to persist for several seconds on
the screen, as though the impact that it had made on everyone’s
eyeballs was too vivid to wear off immediately. The little sandyhaired woman had flung herself forward over the back of the chair
in front of her. With a tremulous murmur that sounded like ‘My
Saviour!’ she extended her arms towards the screen. Then she
buried her face in her hands. It was apparent that she was uttering a prayer.
At this moment the entire group of people broke into a deep,
slow, rhythmical chant of ‘B-B! . . . B-B!’— over and over again, very
slowly, with a long pause between the first ‘B’ and the second — a
heavy, murmurous sound, somehow curiously savage, in the
background of which one seemed to hear the stamp of naked feet
and the throbbing of tom-toms. For perhaps as much as thirty
seconds they kept it up. It was a refrain that was often heard in
moments of overwhelming emotion. Partly it was a sort of hymn to
the wisdom and majesty of Big Brother, but still more it was an act
of self-hypnosis, a deliberate drowning of consciousness by means
of rhythmic noise. Winston’s entrails seemed to grow cold. In the
Two Minutes Hate he could not help sharing in the general
delirium, but this sub-human chanting of ‘B-B! . . . B-B!’ always
filled him with horror. Of course he chanted with the rest: it was
impossible to do otherwise. To dissemble your feelings, to control
your face, to do what everyone else was doing, was an instinctive
reaction. But there was a space of a couple of seconds during which
the expression of his eyes might conceivably have betrayed him.
And it was exactly at this moment that the significant thing
happened — if, indeed, it did happen.
Momentarily he caught O’Brien’s eye. O’Brien had stood up.
He had taken off his spectacles and was in the act of resettling
them on his nose with his characteristic gesture. But there was a
fraction of a second when their eyes met, and for as long as it took
to happen Winston knew — yes, he KNEW! — that O’Brien was
thinking the same thing as himself. An unmistakable message had
passed. It was as though their two minds had opened and the
thoughts were flowing from one into the other through their eyes.
‘I am with you,’ O’Brien seemed to be saying to him. ‘I know precisely what you are feeling. I know all about your contempt,
your hatred, your disgust. But don’t worry, I am on your side!’ And
then the flash of intelligence was gone, and O’Brien’s face was as
inscrutable as everybody else’s.
That was all, and he was already uncertain whether it had
happened. Such incidents never had any sequel. All that they did
was to keep alive in him the belief, or hope, that others besides
himself were the enemies of the Party. Perhaps the rumours of vast
underground conspiracies were true after all — perhaps the
Brotherhood really existed! It was impossible, in spite of the
endless arrests and confessions and executions, to be sure that the
Brotherhood was not simply a myth. Some days he believed in it,
some days not. There was no evidence, only fleeting glimpses that
might mean anything or nothing: snatches of overheard
conversation, faint scribbles on lavatory walls — once, even, when
two strangers met, a small movement of the hand which had
looked as though it might be a signal of recognition. It was all
guesswork: very likely he had imagined everything. He had gone
back to his cubicle without looking at O’Brien again. The idea of
following up their momentary contact hardly crossed his mind. It
would have been inconceivably dangerous even if he had known
how to set about doing it. For a second, two seconds, they had
exchanged an equivocal glance, and that was the end of the story.
But even that was a memorable event, in the locked loneliness in
which one had to live.
Winston roused himself and sat up straighter. He let out a
belch. The gin was rising from his stomach.
His eyes re-focused on the page. He discovered that while he
sat helplessly musing he had also been writing, as though by
automatic action. And it was no longer the same cramped, awkward handwriting as before. His pen had slid voluptuously over the
smooth paper, printing in large neat capitals —

DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER
DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER
DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER
DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER
DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER

over and over again, filling half a page.
He could not help feeling a twinge of panic. It was absurd,
since the writing of those particular words was not more dangerous
than the initial act of opening the diary, but for a moment he was
tempted to tear out the spoiled pages and abandon the enterprise
altogether.
He did not do so, however, because he knew that it was
useless. Whether he wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, or
whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether
he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it,
made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the
same. He had committed — would still have committed, even if he
had never set pen to paper — the essential crime that contained all
others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not
a thing that could be concealed for ever. You might dodge
successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they
were bound to get you.
It was always at night — the arrests invariably happened at
night. The sudden jerk out of sleep, the rough hand shaking your
shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces
round the bed. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no
report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the
night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time
existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished,
annihilated: VAPORIZED was the usual word.
For a moment he was seized by a kind of hysteria. He began
writing in a hurried untidy scrawl:

theyll shoot me i don’t care theyll shoot me in the back of the neck i
dont care down with big brother they always shoot you in the back
of the neck i dont care down with big brother ——

He sat back in his chair, slightly ashamed of himself, and laid down
the pen. The next moment he started violently. There was a
knocking at the door.
Already! He sat as still as a mouse, in the futile hope that
whoever it was might go away after a single attempt. But no, the
knocking was repeated. The worst thing of all would be to delay.
His heart was thumping like a drum, but his face, from long habit,
was probably expressionless. He got up and moved heavily towards
the door.

CHAPTER 2

As he put his hand to the door-knob Winston saw that he had left the diary open on the table. DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER was written all over it, in letters almost big enough to be legible across the room. It was an inconceivably
stupid thing to have done. But, he realized, even in his panic he had
not wanted to smudge the creamy paper by shutting the book while
the ink was wet.
He drew in his breath and opened the door. Instantly a warm
wave of relief flowed through him. A colourless, crushed-looking
woman, with wispy hair and a lined face, was standing outside.
‘Oh, comrade,’ she began in a dreary, whining sort of voice, ‘I
thought I heard you come in. Do you think you could come across
and have a look at our kitchen sink? It’s got blocked up and ——’
It was Mrs Parsons, the wife of a neighbour on the same floor.
(‘Mrs’ was a word somewhat discountenanced by the Party — you
were supposed to call everyone ‘comrade’— but with some women
one used it instinctively.) She was a woman of about thirty, but
looking much older. One had the impression that there was dust in
the creases of her face. Winston followed her down the passage.
These amateur repair jobs were an almost daily irritation. Victory
Mansions were old flats, built in 1930 or thereabouts, and were
falling to pieces. The plaster flaked constantly from ceilings and
walls, the pipes burst in every hard frost, the roof leaked whenever
there was snow, the heating system was usually running at half
steam when it was not closed down altogether from motives of economy. Repairs, except what you could do for yourself, had to be
sanctioned by remote committees which were liable to hold up
even the mending of a window-pane for two years.
‘Of course it’s only because Tom isn’t home,’ said Mrs Parsons
vaguely.
The Parsons’ flat was bigger than Winston’s, and dingy in a
different way. Everything had a battered, trampled-on look, as
though the place had just been visited by some large violent
animal. Games impedimenta — hockey-sticks, boxing-gloves, a
burst football, a pair of sweaty shorts turned inside out — lay all
over the floor, and on the table there was a litter of dirty dishes and
dog-eared exercise-books. On the walls were scarlet banners of the
Youth League and the Spies, and a full-sized poster of Big Brother.
There was the usual boiled-cabbage smell, common to the whole
building, but it was shot through by a sharper reek of sweat, which
— one knew this at the first sniff, though it was hard to say how —
was the sweat of some person not present at the moment. In
another room someone with a comb and a piece of toilet paper was
trying to keep tune with the military music which was still issuing
from the telescreen.
‘It’s the children,’ said Mrs Parsons, casting a halfapprehensive glance at the door. ‘They haven’t been out today. And
of course ——’
She had a habit of breaking off her sentences in the middle.
The kitchen sink was full nearly to the brim with filthy greenish
water which smelt worse than ever of cabbage. Winston knelt down
and examined the angle-joint of the pipe. He hated using his hands,
and he hated bending down, which was always liable to start him
coughing. Mrs Parsons looked on helplessly.
‘Of course if Tom was home he’d put it right in a moment,’ she said. ‘He loves anything like that. He’s ever so good with his hands,
Tom is.’
Parsons was Winston’s fellow-employee at the Ministry of
Truth. He was a fattish but active man of paralysing stupidity, a
mass of imbecile enthusiasms — one of those completely
unquestioning, devoted drudges on whom, more even than on the
Thought Police, the stability of the Party depended. At thirty-five
he had just been unwillingly evicted from the Youth League, and
before graduating into the Youth League he had managed to stay
on in the Spies for a year beyond the statutory age. At the Ministry
he was employed in some subordinate post for which intelligence
was not required, but on the other hand he was a leading figure on
the Sports Committee and all the other committees engaged in
organizing community hikes, spontaneous demonstrations, savings
campaigns, and voluntary activities generally. He would inform you
with quiet pride, between whiffs of his pipe, that he had put in an
appearance at the Community Centre every evening for the past
four years. An overpowering smell of sweat, a sort of unconscious
testimony to the strenuousness of his life, followed him about
wherever he went, and even remained behind him after he had
gone.
‘Have you got a spanner?’ said Winston, fiddling with the nut
on the angle-joint.
‘A spanner,’ said Mrs Parsons, immediately becoming
invertebrate. ‘I don’t know, I’m sure. Perhaps the children ——’
There was a trampling of boots and another blast on the comb
as the children charged into the living-room. Mrs Parsons brought
the spanner. Winston let out the water and disgustedly removed
the clot of human hair that had blocked up the pipe. He cleaned his
fingers as best he could in the cold water from the tap and went back into the other room.
‘Up with your hands!’ yelled a savage voice.
A handsome, tough-looking boy of nine had popped up from
behind the table and was menacing him with a toy automatic
pistol, while his small sister, about two years younger, made the
same gesture with a fragment of wood. Both of them were dressed
in the blue shorts, grey shirts, and red neckerchiefs which were the
uniform of the Spies. Winston raised his hands above his head, but
with an uneasy feeling, so vicious was the boy’s demeanour, that it
was not altogether a game.
‘You’re a traitor!’ yelled the boy. ‘You’re a thought-criminal!
You’re a Eurasian spy! I’ll shoot you, I’ll vaporize you, I’ll send you
to the salt mines!’
Suddenly they were both leaping round him, shouting
‘Traitor!’ and ‘Thought-criminal!’ the little girl imitating her
brother in every movement. It was somehow slightly frightening,
like the gambolling of tiger cubs which will soon grow up into maneaters. There was a sort of calculating ferocity in the boy’s eye, a
quite evident desire to hit or kick Winston and a consciousness of
being very nearly big enough to do so. It was a good job it was not a
real pistol he was holding, Winston thought.
Mrs Parsons’ eyes flitted nervously from Winston to the
children, and back again. In the better light of the living-room he
noticed with interest that there actually was dust in the creases of
her face.
‘They do get so noisy,’ she said. ‘They’re disappointed because
they couldn’t go to see the hanging, that’s what it is. I’m too busy
to take them. and Tom won’t be back from work in time.’
‘Why can’t we go and see the hanging?’ roared the boy in his
huge voice. ‘Want to see the hanging! Want to see the hanging!’ chanted
the little girl, still capering round.
Some Eurasian prisoners, guilty of war crimes, were to be
hanged in the Park that evening, Winston remembered. This
happened about once a month, and was a popular spectacle.
Children always clamoured to be taken to see it. He took his leave
of Mrs Parsons and made for the door. But he had not gone six
steps down the passage when something hit the back of his neck an
agonizingly painful blow. It was as though a red-hot wire had been
jabbed into him. He spun round just in time to see Mrs Parsons
dragging her son back into the doorway while the boy pocketed a
catapult.
‘Goldstein!’ bellowed the boy as the door closed on him. But
what most struck Winston was the look of helpless fright on the
woman’s greyish face.
Back in the flat he stepped quickly past the telescreen and sat
down at the table again, still rubbing his neck. The music from the
telescreen had stopped. Instead, a clipped military voice was
reading out, with a sort of brutal relish, a description of the
armaments of the new Floating Fortress which had just been
anchored between Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
With those children, he thought, that wretched woman must
lead a life of terror. Another year, two years, and they would be
watching her night and day for symptoms of unorthodoxy. Nearly
all children nowadays were horrible. What was worst of all was that
by means of such organizations as the Spies they were
systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this
produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the
discipline of the Party. On the contrary, they adored the Party and
everything connected with it. The songs, the processions, the banners, the hiking, the drilling with dummy rifles, the yelling of
slogans, the worship of Big Brother — it was all a sort of glorious
game to them. All their ferocity was turned outwards, against the
enemies of the State, against foreigners, traitors, saboteurs,
thought-criminals. It was almost normal for people over thirty to
be frightened of their own children. And with good reason, for
hardly a week passed in which ‘The Times’ did not carry a
paragraph describing how some eavesdropping little sneak —‘child
hero’ was the phrase generally used — had overheard some
compromising remark and denounced its parents to the Thought
Police.
The sting of the catapult bullet had worn off. He picked up his
pen half-heartedly, wondering whether he could find something
more to write in the diary. Suddenly he began thinking of O’Brien
again.
Years ago — how long was it? Seven years it must be — he had
dreamed that he was walking through a pitch-dark room. And
someone sitting to one side of him had said as he passed: ‘We shall
meet in the place where there is no darkness.’ It was said very
quietly, almost casually — a statement, not a command. He had
walked on without pausing. What was curious was that at the time,
in the dream, the words had not made much impression on him. It
was only later and by degrees that they had seemed to take on
significance. He could not now remember whether it was before or
after having the dream that he had seen O’Brien for the first time,
nor could he remember when he had first identified the voice as
O’Brien’s. But at any rate the identification existed. It was O’Brien
who had spoken to him out of the dark.
Winston had never been able to feel sure — even after this
morning’s flash of the eyes it was still impossible to be sure whether O’Brien was a friend or an enemy. Nor did it even seem to
matter greatly. There was a link of understanding between them,
more important than affection or partisanship. ‘We shall meet in
the place where there is no darkness,’ he had said. Winston did not
know what it meant, only that in some way or another it would
come true.
The voice from the telescreen paused. A trumpet call, clear and
beautiful, floated into the stagnant air. The voice continued
raspingly:
‘Attention! Your attention, please! A newsflash has this
moment arrived from the Malabar front. Our forces in South India
have won a glorious victory. I am authorized to say that the action
we are now reporting may well bring the war within measurable
distance of its end. Here is the newsflash ——’
Bad news coming, thought Winston. And sure enough,
following on a gory description of the annihilation of a Eurasian
army, with stupendous figures of killed and prisoners, came the
announcement that, as from next week, the chocolate ration would
be reduced from thirty grammes to twenty.
Winston belched again. The gin was wearing off, leaving a
deflated feeling. The telescreen — perhaps to celebrate the victory,
perhaps to drown the memory of the lost chocolate — crashed into
‘Oceania, ‘tis for thee’. You were supposed to stand to attention.
However, in his present position he was invisible.
‘Oceania, ‘tis for thee’ gave way to lighter music. Winston
walked over to the window, keeping his back to the telescreen. The
day was still cold and clear. Somewhere far away a rocket bomb
exploded with a dull, reverberating roar. About twenty or thirty of
them a week were falling on London at present.
Down in the street the wind flapped the torn poster to and fro, and the word INGSOC fitfully appeared and vanished. Ingsoc. The
sacred principles of Ingsoc. Newspeak, doublethink, the mutability
of the past. He felt as though he were wandering in the forests of
the sea bottom, lost in a monstrous world where he himself was
the monster. He was alone. The past was dead, the future was
unimaginable. What certainty had he that a single human creature
now living was on his side? And what way of knowing that the
dominion of the Party would not endure FOR EVER? Like an
answer, the three slogans on the white face of the Ministry of
Truth came back to him:

WAR IS PEACE
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

He took a twenty-five cent piece out of his pocket. There, too, in
tiny clear lettering, the same slogans were inscribed, and on the
other face of the coin the head of Big Brother. Even from the coin
the eyes pursued you. On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books,
on banners, on posters, and on the wrappings of a cigarette packet
— everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice
enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out
of doors, in the bath or in bed — no escape. Nothing was your own
except the few cubic centimetres inside your skull.
The sun had shifted round, and the myriad windows of the
Ministry of Truth, with the light no longer shining on them, looked
grim as the loopholes of a fortress. His heart quailed before the
enormous pyramidal shape. It was too strong, it could not be
stormed. A thousand rocket bombs would not batter it down. He
wondered again for whom he was writing the diary. For the future,
for the past — for an age that might be imaginary. And in front of
him there lay not death but annihilation. The diary would be reduced to ashes and himself to vapour. Only the Thought Police
would read what he had written, before they wiped it out of
existence and out of memory. How could you make appeal to the
future when not a trace of you, not even an anonymous word
scribbled on a piece of paper, could physically survive?
The telescreen struck fourteen. He must leave in ten minutes.
He had to be back at work by fourteen-thirty.
Curiously, the chiming of the hour seemed to have put new
heart into him. He was a lonely ghost uttering a truth that nobody
would ever hear. But so long as he uttered it, in some obscure way
the continuity was not broken. It was not by making yourself heard
but by staying sane that you carried on the human heritage. He
went back to the table, dipped his pen, and wrote:

To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when
men are dif erent from one another and do not live alone — to a
time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From
the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big
Brother, from the age of doublethink — greetings!

He was already dead, he reflected. It seemed to him that it was only
now, when he had begun to be able to formulate his thoughts, that
he had taken the decisive step. The consequences of every act are
included in the act itself. He wrote:

Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death.

Now he had recognized himself as a dead man it became important
to stay alive as long as possible. Two fingers of his right hand were
inkstained. It was exactly the kind of detail that might betray you.
Some nosing zealot in the Ministry (a woman, probably: someone
like the little sandy-haired woman or the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department) might start wondering why he had been
writing during the lunch interval, why he had used an oldfashioned pen, WHAT he had been writing — and then drop a hint
in the appropriate quarter. He went to the bathroom and carefully
scrubbed the ink away with the gritty dark-brown soap which
rasped your skin like sandpaper and was therefore well adapted for
this purpose.
He put the diary away in the drawer. It was quite useless to
think of hiding it, but he could at least make sure whether or not
its existence had been discovered. A hair laid across the page-ends
was too obvious. With the tip of his finger he picked up an
identifiable grain of whitish dust and deposited it on the corner of
the cover, where it was bound to be shaken off if the book was moved.

CHAPTER 3

Winston was dreaming of his mother.
He must, he thought, have been ten or eleven years
old when his mother had disappeared. She was a tall,
statuesque, rather silent woman with slow movements and
magnificent fair hair. His father he remembered more vaguely as
dark and thin, dressed always in neat dark clothes (Winston
remembered especially the very thin soles of his father’s shoes)
and wearing spectacles. The two of them must evidently have been
swallowed up in one of the first great purges of the fifties.
At this moment his mother was sitting in some place deep
down beneath him, with his young sister in her arms. He did not
remember his sister at all, except as a tiny, feeble baby, always
silent, with large, watchful eyes. Both of them were looking up at
him. They were down in some subterranean place — the bottom of
a well, for instance, or a very deep grave — but it was a place which,
already far below him, was itself moving downwards. They were in
the saloon of a sinking ship, looking up at him through the
darkening water. There was still air in the saloon, they could still
see him and he them, but all the while they were sinking down,
down into the green waters which in another moment must hide
them from sight for ever. He was out in the light and air while they
were being sucked down to death, and they were down there
because he was up here. He knew it and they knew it, and he could
see the knowledge in their faces. There was no reproach either in
their faces or in their hearts, only the knowledge that they must die in order that he might remain alive, and that this was part of the
unavoidable order of things.
He could not remember what had happened, but he knew in
his dream that in some way the lives of his mother and his sister
had been sacrificed to his own. It was one of those dreams which,
while retaining the characteristic dream scenery, are a continuation
of one’s intellectual life, and in which one becomes aware of facts
and ideas which still seem new and valuable after one is awake.
The thing that now suddenly struck Winston was that his mother’s
death, nearly thirty years ago, had been tragic and sorrowful in a
way that was no longer possible. Tragedy, he perceived, belonged to
the ancient time, to a time when there was still privacy, love, and
friendship, and when the members of a family stood by one
another without needing to know the reason. His mother’s
memory tore at his heart because she had died loving him, when he
was too young and selfish to love her in return, and because
somehow, he did not remember how, she had sacrificed herself to a
conception of loyalty that was private and unalterable. Such things,
he saw, could not happen today. Today there were fear, hatred, and
pain, but no dignity of emotion, no deep or complex sorrows. All
this he seemed to see in the large eyes of his mother and his sister,
looking up at him through the green water, hundreds of fathoms
down and still sinking.
Suddenly he was standing on short springy turf, on a summer
evening when the slanting rays of the sun gilded the ground. The
landscape that he was looking at recurred so often in his dreams
that he was never fully certain whether or not he had seen it in the
real world. In his waking thoughts he called it the Golden Country.
It was an old, rabbit-bitten pasture, with a foot-track wandering
across it and a molehill here and there. In the ragged hedge on the opposite side of the field the boughs of the elm trees were swaying
very faintly in the breeze, their leaves just stirring in dense masses
like women’s hair. Somewhere near at hand, though out of sight,
there was a clear, slow-moving stream where dace were swimming
in the pools under the willow trees.
The girl with dark hair was coming towards them across the
field. With what seemed a single movement she tore off her clothes
and flung them disdainfully aside. Her body was white and smooth,
but it aroused no desire in him, indeed he barely looked at it. What
overwhelmed him in that instant was admiration for the gesture
with which she had thrown her clothes aside. With its grace and
carelessness it seemed to annihilate a whole culture, a whole
system of thought, as though Big Brother and the Party and the
Thought Police could all be swept into nothingness by a single
splendid movement of the arm. That too was a gesture belonging to
the ancient time. Winston woke up with the word ‘Shakespeare’ on
his lips.
The telescreen was giving forth an ear-splitting whistle which
continued on the same note for thirty seconds. It was nought seven
fifteen, getting-up time for office workers. Winston wrenched his
body out of bed — naked, for a member of the Outer Party received
only 3,000 clothing coupons annually, and a suit of pyjamas was
600 — and seized a dingy singlet and a pair of shorts that were
lying across a chair. The Physical Jerks would begin in three
minutes. The next moment he was doubled up by a violent
coughing fit which nearly always attacked him soon after waking
up. It emptied his lungs so completely that he could only begin
breathing again by lying on his back and taking a series of deep
gasps. His veins had swelled with the effort of the cough, and the
varicose ulcer had started itching. ‘Thirty to forty group!’ yapped a piercing female voice. ‘Thirty
to forty group! Take your places, please. Thirties to forties!’
Winston sprang to attention in front of the telescreen, upon
which the image of a youngish woman, scrawny but muscular,
dressed in tunic and gym-shoes, had already appeared.
‘Arms bending and stretching!’ she rapped out. ‘Take your time
by me. ONE, two, three, four! ONE, two, three, four! Come on,
comrades, put a bit of life into it! ONE, two, three four! ONE two,
three, four! . . . ’
The pain of the coughing fit had not quite driven out of
Winston’s mind the impression made by his dream, and the
rhythmic movements of the exercise restored it somewhat. As he
mechanically shot his arms back and forth, wearing on his face the
look of grim enjoyment which was considered proper during the
Physical Jerks, he was struggling to think his way backward into
the dim period of his early childhood. It was extraordinarily
difficult. Beyond the late fifties everything faded. When there were
no external records that you could refer to, even the outline of your
own life lost its sharpness. You remembered huge events which
had quite probably not happened, you remembered the detail of
incidents without being able to recapture their atmosphere, and
there were long blank periods to which you could assign nothing.
Everything had been different then. Even the names of countries,
and their shapes on the map, had been different. Airstrip One, for
instance, had not been so called in those days: it had been called
England or Britain, though London, he felt fairly certain, had
always been called London.
Winston could not definitely remember a time when his
country had not been at war, but it was evident that there had been
a fairly long interval of peace during his childhood, because one of his early memories was of an air raid which appeared to take
everyone by surprise. Perhaps it was the time when the atomic
bomb had fallen on Colchester. He did not remember the raid
itself, but he did remember his father’s hand clutching his own as
they hurried down, down, down into some place deep in the earth,
round and round a spiral staircase which rang under his feet and
which finally so wearied his legs that he began whimpering and
they had to stop and rest. His mother, in her slow, dreamy way, was
following a long way behind them. She was carrying his baby sister
— or perhaps it was only a bundle of blankets that she was
carrying: he was not certain whether his sister had been born then.
Finally they had emerged into a noisy, crowded place which he had
realized to be a Tube station.
There were people sitting all over the stone-flagged floor, and
other people, packed tightly together, were sitting on metal bunks,
one above the other. Winston and his mother and father found
themselves a place on the floor, and near them an old man and an
old woman were sitting side by side on a bunk. The old man had on
a decent dark suit and a black cloth cap pushed back from very
white hair: his face was scarlet and his eyes were blue and full of
tears. He reeked of gin. It seemed to breathe out of his skin in place
of sweat, and one could have fancied that the tears welling from his
eyes were pure gin. But though slightly drunk he was also suffering
under some grief that was genuine and unbearable. In his childish
way Winston grasped that some terrible thing, something that was
beyond forgiveness and could never be remedied, had just
happened. It also seemed to him that he knew what it was.
Someone whom the old man loved — a little granddaughter,
perhaps — had been killed. Every few minutes the old man kept
repeating: ‘We didn’t ought to ’ave trusted ’em. I said so, Ma, didn’t I?
That’s what comes of trusting ’em. I said so all along. We didn’t
ought to ’ave trusted the buggers.’
But which buggers they didn’t ought to have trusted Winston
could not now remember.
Since about that time, war had been literally continuous,
though strictly speaking it had not always been the same war. For
several months during his childhood there had been confused
street fighting in London itself, some of which he remembered
vividly. But to trace out the history of the whole period, to say who
was fighting whom at any given moment, would have been utterly
impossible, since no written record, and no spoken word, ever
made mention of any other alignment than the existing one. At this
moment, for example, in 1984 (if it was 1984), Oceania was at war
with Eurasia and in alliance with Eastasia. In no public or private
utterance was it ever admitted that the three powers had at any
time been grouped along different lines. Actually, as Winston well
knew, it was only four years since Oceania had been at war with
Eastasia and in alliance with Eurasia. But that was merely a piece
of furtive knowledge which he happened to possess because his
memory was not satisfactorily under control. Officially the change
of partners had never happened. Oceania was at war with Eurasia:
therefore Oceania had always been at war with Eurasia. The enemy
of the moment always represented absolute evil, and it followed
that any past or future agreement with him was impossible.
The frightening thing, he reflected for the ten thousandth time
as he forced his shoulders painfully backward (with hands on hips,
they were gyrating their bodies from the waist, an exercise that was
supposed to be good for the back muscles)— the frightening thing
was that it might all be true. If the Party could thrust its hand into the past and say of this or that event, IT NEVER HAPPENED—
that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death?
The Party said that Oceania had never been in alliance with
Eurasia. He, Winston Smith, knew that Oceania had been in
alliance with Eurasia as short a time as four years ago. But where
did that knowledge exist? Only in his own consciousness, which in
any case must soon be annihilated. And if all others accepted the
lie which the Party imposed — if all records told the same tale —
then the lie passed into history and became truth. ‘Who controls
the past,’ ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: who controls
the present controls the past.’ And yet the past, though of its nature
alterable, never had been altered. Whatever was true now was true
from everlasting to everlasting. It was quite simple. All that was
needed was an unending series of victories over your own memory.
‘Reality control’, they called it: in Newspeak, ‘doublethink’.
‘Stand easy!’ barked the instructress, a little more genially.
Winston sank his arms to his sides and slowly refilled his
lungs with air. His mind slid away into the labyrinthine world of
doublethink. To know and not to know, to be conscious of
complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to
hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing
them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic
against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to
believe that democracy was impossible and that the Party was the
guardian of democracy, to forget whatever it was necessary to
forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment
when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again: and
above all, to apply the same process to the process itself. That was
the ultimate subtlety: consciously to induce unconsciousness, and
then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word ‘doublethink’
involved the use of doublethink.
The instructress had called them to attention again. ‘And now
let’s see which of us can touch our toes!’ she said enthusiastically.
‘Right over from the hips, please, comrades. ONE-two! ONE-two!
. . . ’
Winston loathed this exercise, which sent shooting pains all
the way from his heels to his buttocks and often ended by bringing
on another coughing fit. The half-pleasant quality went out of his
meditations. The past, he reflected, had not merely been altered, it
had been actually destroyed. For how could you establish even the
most obvious fact when there existed no record outside your own
memory? He tried to remember in what year he had first heard
mention of Big Brother. He thought it must have been at some
time in the sixties, but it was impossible to be certain. In the Party
histories, of course, Big Brother figured as the leader and guardian
of the Revolution since its very earliest days. His exploits had been
gradually pushed backwards in time until already they extended
into the fabulous world of the forties and the thirties, when the
capitalists in their strange cylindrical hats still rode through the
streets of London in great gleaming motor-cars or horse carriages
with glass sides. There was no knowing how much of this legend
was true and how much invented. Winston could not even
remember at what date the Party itself had come into existence. He
did not believe he had ever heard the word Ingsoc before 1960, but
it was possible that in its Oldspeak form —‘English Socialism’, that
is to say — it had been current earlier. Everything melted into mist.
Sometimes, indeed, you could put your finger on a definite lie. It
was not true, for example, as was claimed in the Party history
books, that the Party had invented aeroplanes. He remembered aeroplanes since his earliest childhood. But you could prove
nothing. There was never any evidence. Just once in his whole life
he had held in his hands unmistakable documentary proof of the
falsification of an historical fact. And on that occasion ——
‘Smith!’ screamed the shrewish voice from the telescreen.
‘6079 Smith W.! Yes, YOU! Bend lower, please! You can do better
than that. You’re not trying. Lower, please! THAT’S better,
comrade. Now stand at ease, the whole squad, and watch me.’
A sudden hot sweat had broken out all over Winston’s body.
His face remained completely inscrutable. Never show dismay!
Never show resentment! A single flicker of the eyes could give you
away. He stood watching while the instructress raised her arms
above her head and — one could not say gracefully, but with
remarkable neatness and efficiency — bent over and tucked the
first joint of her fingers under her toes.
‘THERE, comrades! THAT’S how I want to see you doing it.
Watch me again. I’m thirty-nine and I’ve had four children. Now
look.’ She bent over again. ‘You see MY knees aren’t bent. You can
all do it if you want to,’ she added as she straightened herself up.
‘Anyone under forty-five is perfectly capable of touching his toes.
We don’t all have the privilege of fighting in the front line, but at
least we can all keep fit. Remember our boys on the Malabar front!
And the sailors in the Floating Fortresses! Just think what THEY
have to put up with. Now try again. That’s better, comrade, that’s
MUCH better,’ she added encouragingly as Winston, with a violent
lunge, succeeded in touching his toes with knees unbent, for the
first time in several years.

CHAPTER 4

With the deep, unconscious sigh which not even the
nearness of the telescreen could prevent him from
uttering when his day’s work started, Winston pulled
the speakwrite towards him, blew the dust from its mouthpiece,
and put on his spectacles. Then he unrolled and clipped together
four small cylinders of paper which had already flopped out of the
pneumatic tube on the right-hand side of his desk.
In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the
right of the speakwrite, a small pneumatic tube for written
messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side
wall, within easy reach of Winston’s arm, a large oblong slit
protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste
paper. Similar slits existed in thousands or tens of thousands
throughout the building, not only in every room but at short
intervals in every corridor. For some reason they were nicknamed
memory holes. When one knew that any document was due for
destruction, or even when one saw a scrap of waste paper lying
about, it was an automatic action to lift the flap of the nearest
memory hole and drop it in, whereupon it would be whirled away
on a current of warm air to the enormous furnaces which were
hidden somewhere in the recesses of the building.
Winston examined the four slips of paper which he had
unrolled. Each contained a message of only one or two lines, in the
abbreviated jargon — not actually Newspeak, but consisting largely
of Newspeak words — which was used in the Ministry for internal purposes. They ran:

times 17.3.84 bb speech malreported africa rectify
times 19.12.83 forecasts 3 yp 4th quarter 83 misprints verify
current issue
times 14.2.84 miniplenty malquoted chocolate rectify
times 3.12.83 reporting bb dayorder doubleplusungood refs
unpersons rewrite fullwise upsub antefiling

With a faint feeling of satisfaction Winston laid the fourth message
aside. It was an intricate and responsible job and had better be
dealt with last. The other three were routine matters, though the
second one would probably mean some tedious wading through
lists of figures.
Winston dialled ‘back numbers’ on the telescreen and called
for the appropriate issues of ‘The Times’, which slid out of the
pneumatic tube after only a few minutes’ delay. The messages he
had received referred to articles or news items which for one
reason or another it was thought necessary to alter, or, as the
official phrase had it, to rectify. For example, it appeared from ‘The
Times’ of the seventeenth of March that Big Brother, in his speech
of the previous day, had predicted that the South Indian front
would remain quiet but that a Eurasian offensive would shortly be
launched in North Africa. As it happened, the Eurasian Higher
Command had launched its offensive in South India and left North
Africa alone. It was therefore necessary to rewrite a paragraph of
Big Brother’s speech, in such a way as to make him predict the
thing that had actually happened. Or again, ‘The Times’ of the
nineteenth of December had published the official forecasts of the
output of various classes of consumption goods in the fourth
quarter of 1983, which was also the sixth quarter of the Ninth Three-Year Plan. Today’s issue contained a statement of the actual
output, from which it appeared that the forecasts were in every
instance grossly wrong. Winston’s job was to rectify the original
figures by making them agree with the later ones. As for the third
message, it referred to a very simple error which could be set right
in a couple of minutes. As short a time ago as February, the
Ministry of Plenty had issued a promise (a ‘categorical pledge’ were
the official words) that there would be no reduction of the
chocolate ration during 1984. Actually, as Winston was aware, the
chocolate ration was to be reduced from thirty grammes to twenty
at the end of the present week. All that was needed was to
substitute for the original promise a warning that it would probably
be necessary to reduce the ration at some time in April.
As soon as Winston had dealt with each of the messages, he
clipped his speakwritten corrections to the appropriate copy of ‘The
Times’ and pushed them into the pneumatic tube. Then, with a
movement which was as nearly as possible unconscious, he
crumpled up the original message and any notes that he himself
had made, and dropped them into the memory hole to be devoured
by the flames.
What happened in the unseen labyrinth to which the
pneumatic tubes led, he did not know in detail, but he did know in
general terms. As soon as all the corrections which happened to be
necessary in any particular number of ‘The Times’ had been
assembled and collated, that number would be reprinted, the
original copy destroyed, and the corrected copy placed on the files
in its stead. This process of continuous alteration was applied not
only to newspapers, but to books, periodicals, pamphlets, posters,
leaflets, films, sound-tracks, cartoons, photographs — to every kind
of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance. Day by day and almost minute
by minute the past was brought up to date. In this way every
prediction made by the Party could be shown by documentary
evidence to have been correct, nor was any item of news, or any
expression of opinion, which conflicted with the needs of the
moment, ever allowed to remain on record. All history was a
palimpsest, scraped clean and reinscribed exactly as often as was
necessary. In no case would it have been possible, once the deed
was done, to prove that any falsification had taken place. The
largest section of the Records Department, far larger than the one
on which Winston worked, consisted simply of persons whose duty
it was to track down and collect all copies of books, newspapers,
and other documents which had been superseded and were due for
destruction. A number of ‘The Times’ which might, because of
changes in political alignment, or mistaken prophecies uttered by
Big Brother, have been rewritten a dozen times still stood on the
files bearing its original date, and no other copy existed to
contradict it. Books, also, were recalled and rewritten again and
again, and were invariably reissued without any admission that any
alteration had been made. Even the written instructions which
Winston received, and which he invariably got rid of as soon as he
had dealt with them, never stated or implied that an act of forgery
was to be committed: always the reference was to slips, errors,
misprints, or misquotations which it was necessary to put right in
the interests of accuracy.
But actually, he thought as he re-adjusted the Ministry of
Plenty’s figures, it was not even forgery. It was merely the
substitution of one piece of nonsense for another. Most of the
material that you were dealing with had no connexion with
anything in the real world, not even the kind of connexion that is contained in a direct lie. Statistics were just as much a fantasy in
their original version as in their rectified version. A great deal of
the time you were expected to make them up out of your head. For
example, the Ministry of Plenty’s forecast had estimated the output
of boots for the quarter at 145 million pairs. The actual output was
given as sixty-two millions. Winston, however, in rewriting the
forecast, marked the figure down to fifty-seven millions, so as to
allow for the usual claim that the quota had been overfulfilled. In
any case, sixty-two millions was no nearer the truth than fiftyseven millions, or than 145 millions. Very likely no boots had been
produced at all. Likelier still, nobody knew how many had been
produced, much less cared. All one knew was that every quarter
astronomical numbers of boots were produced on paper, while
perhaps half the population of Oceania went barefoot. And so it
was with every class of recorded fact, great or small. Everything
faded away into a shadow-world in which, finally, even the date of
the year had become uncertain.
Winston glanced across the hall. In the corresponding cubicle
on the other side a small, precise-looking, dark-chinned man
named Tillotson was working steadily away, with a folded
newspaper on his knee and his mouth very close to the mouthpiece
of the speakwrite. He had the air of trying to keep what he was
saying a secret between himself and the telescreen. He looked up,
and his spectacles darted a hostile flash in Winston’s direction.
Winston hardly knew Tillotson, and had no idea what work he
was employed on. People in the Records Department did not
readily talk about their jobs. In the long, windowless hall, with its
double row of cubicles and its endless rustle of papers and hum of
voices murmuring into speakwrites, there were quite a dozen
people whom Winston did not even know by name, though he daily saw them hurrying to and fro in the corridors or gesticulating in
the Two Minutes Hate. He knew that in the cubicle next to him the
little woman with sandy hair toiled day in day out, simply at
tracking down and deleting from the Press the names of people
who had been vaporized and were therefore considered never to
have existed. There was a certain fitness in this, since her own
husband had been vaporized a couple of years earlier. And a few
cubicles away a mild, ineffectual, dreamy creature named
Ampleforth, with very hairy ears and a surprising talent for
juggling with rhymes and metres, was engaged in producing
garbled versions — definitive texts, they were called — of poems
which had become ideologically offensive, but which for one
reason or another were to be retained in the anthologies. And this
hall, with its fifty workers or thereabouts, was only one subsection, a single cell, as it were, in the huge complexity of the
Records Department. Beyond, above, below, were other swarms of
workers engaged in an unimaginable multitude of jobs. There were
the huge printing-shops with their sub-editors, their typography
experts, and their elaborately equipped studios for the faking of
photographs. There was the tele-programmes section with its
engineers, its producers, and its teams of actors specially chosen
for their skill in imitating voices. There were the armies of
reference clerks whose job was simply to draw up lists of books and
periodicals which were due for recall. There were the vast
repositories where the corrected documents were stored, and the
hidden furnaces where the original copies were destroyed. And
somewhere or other, quite anonymous, there were the directing
brains who co-ordinated the whole effort and laid down the lines of
policy which made it necessary that this fragment of the past
should be preserved, that one falsified, and the other rubbed out of existence. And the Records Department, after all, was itself only a single
branch of the Ministry of Truth, whose primary job was not to
reconstruct the past but to supply the citizens of Oceania with
newspapers, films, textbooks, telescreen programmes, plays, novels
— with every conceivable kind of information, instruction, or
entertainment, from a statue to a slogan, from a lyric poem to a
biological treatise, and from a child’s spelling-book to a Newspeak
dictionary. And the Ministry had not only to supply the
multifarious needs of the party, but also to repeat the whole
operation at a lower level for the benefit of the proletariat. There
was a whole chain of separate departments dealing with proletarian
literature, music, drama, and entertainment generally. Here were
produced rubbishy newspapers containing almost nothing except
sport, crime and astrology, sensational five-cent novelettes, films
oozing with sex, and sentimental songs which were composed
entirely by mechanical means on a special kind of kaleidoscope
known as a versificator. There was even a whole sub-section —
Pornosec, it was called in Newspeak — engaged in producing the
lowest kind of pornography, which was sent out in sealed packets
and which no Party member, other than those who worked on it,
was permitted to look at.
Three messages had slid out of the pneumatic tube while
Winston was working, but they were simple matters, and he had
disposed of them before the Two Minutes Hate interrupted him.
When the Hate was over he returned to his cubicle, took the
Newspeak dictionary from the shelf, pushed the speakwrite to one
side, cleaned his spectacles, and settled down to his main job of the
morning.
Winston’s greatest pleasure in life was in his work. Most of it
was a tedious routine, but included in it there were also jobs so difficult and intricate that you could lose yourself in them as in the
depths of a mathematical problem — delicate pieces of forgery in
which you had nothing to guide you except your knowledge of the
principles of Ingsoc and your estimate of what the Party wanted
you to say. Winston was good at this kind of thing. On occasion he
had even been entrusted with the rectification of ‘The Times’
leading articles, which were written entirely in Newspeak. He
unrolled the message that he had set aside earlier. It ran:

times 3.12.83 reporting bb dayorder doubleplusungood refs
unpersons rewrite fullwise upsub antefiling

In Oldspeak (or standard English) this might be rendered:

The reporting of Big Brother’s Order for the Day in ‘The Times’ of
December 3rd 1983 is extremely unsatisfactory and makes
references to non-existent persons. Rewrite it in full and submit
your draft to higher authority before filing.

Winston read through the offending article. Big Brother’s Order for
the Day, it seemed, had been chiefly devoted to praising the work
of an organization known as FFCC, which supplied cigarettes and
other comforts to the sailors in the Floating Fortresses. A certain
Comrade Withers, a prominent member of the Inner Party, had
been singled out for special mention and awarded a decoration, the
Order of Conspicuous Merit, Second Class.
Three months later FFCC had suddenly been dissolved with no
reasons given. One could assume that Withers and his associates
were now in disgrace, but there had been no report of the matter in
the Press or on the telescreen. That was to be expected, since it was
unusual for political offenders to be put on trial or even publicly
denounced. The great purges involving thousands of people, with
public trials of traitors and thought-criminals who made abject confession of their crimes and were afterwards executed, were
special show-pieces not occurring oftener than once in a couple of
years. More commonly, people who had incurred the displeasure of
the Party simply disappeared and were never heard of again. One
never had the smallest clue as to what had happened to them. In
some cases they might not even be dead. Perhaps thirty people
personally known to Winston, not counting his parents, had
disappeared at one time or another.
Winston stroked his nose gently with a paper-clip. In the
cubicle across the way Comrade Tillotson was still crouching
secretively over his speakwrite. He raised his head for a moment:
again the hostile spectacle-flash. Winston wondered whether
Comrade Tillotson was engaged on the same job as himself. It was
perfectly possible. So tricky a piece of work would never be
entrusted to a single person: on the other hand, to turn it over to a
committee would be to admit openly that an act of fabrication was
taking place. Very likely as many as a dozen people were now
working away on rival versions of what Big Brother had actually
said. And presently some master brain in the Inner Party would
select this version or that, would re-edit it and set in motion the
complex processes of cross-referencing that would be required, and
then the chosen lie would pass into the permanent records and
become truth.
Winston did not know why Withers had been disgraced.
Perhaps it was for corruption or incompetence. Perhaps Big
Brother was merely getting rid of a too-popular subordinate.
Perhaps Withers or someone close to him had been suspected of
heretical tendencies. Or perhaps — what was likeliest of all — the
thing had simply happened because purges and vaporizations were
a necessary part of the mechanics of government. The only real clue lay in the words ‘refs unpersons’, which indicated that Withers
was already dead. You could not invariably assume this to be the
case when people were arrested. Sometimes they were released and
allowed to remain at liberty for as much as a year or two years
before being executed. Very occasionally some person whom you
had believed dead long since would make a ghostly reappearance at
some public trial where he would implicate hundreds of others by
his testimony before vanishing, this time for ever. Withers,
however, was already an UNPERSON. He did not exist: he had
never existed. Winston decided that it would not be enough simply
to reverse the tendency of Big Brother’s speech. It was better to
make it deal with something totally unconnected with its original
subject.
He might turn the speech into the usual denunciation of
traitors and thought-criminals, but that was a little too obvious,
while to invent a victory at the front, or some triumph of overproduction in the Ninth Three-Year Plan, might complicate the
records too much. What was needed was a piece of pure fantasy.
Suddenly there sprang into his mind, ready made as it were, the
image of a certain Comrade Ogilvy, who had recently died in battle,
in heroic circumstances. There were occasions when Big Brother
devoted his Order for the Day to commemorating some humble,
rank-and-file Party member whose life and death he held up as an
example worthy to be followed. Today he should commemorate
Comrade Ogilvy. It was true that there was no such person as
Comrade Ogilvy, but a few lines of print and a couple of faked
photographs would soon bring him into existence.
Winston thought for a moment, then pulled the speakwrite
towards him and began dictating in Big Brother’s familiar style: a
style at once military and pedantic, and, because of a trick of asking questions and then promptly answering them (‘What lessons do we
learn from this fact, comrades? The lesson — which is also one of
the fundamental principles of Ingsoc — that,’ etc., etc.), easy to
imitate.
At the age of three Comrade Ogilvy had refused all toys except
a drum, a sub-machine gun, and a model helicopter. At six — a year
early, by a special relaxation of the rules — he had joined the Spies,
at nine he had been a troop leader. At eleven he had denounced his
uncle to the Thought Police after overhearing a conversation which
appeared to him to have criminal tendencies. At seventeen he had
been a district organizer of the Junior Anti-Sex League. At nineteen
he had designed a hand-grenade which had been adopted by the
Ministry of Peace and which, at its first trial, had killed thirty-one
Eurasian prisoners in one burst. At twenty-three he had perished in
action. Pursued by enemy jet planes while flying over the Indian
Ocean with important despatches, he had weighted his body with
his machine gun and leapt out of the helicopter into deep water,
despatches and all — an end, said Big Brother, which it was
impossible to contemplate without feelings of envy. Big Brother
added a few remarks on the purity and single-mindedness of
Comrade Ogilvy’s life. He was a total abstainer and a nonsmoker,
had no recreations except a daily hour in the gymnasium, and had
taken a vow of celibacy, believing marriage and the care of a family
to be incompatible with a twenty-four-hour-a-day devotion to duty.
He had no subjects of conversation except the principles of Ingsoc,
and no aim in life except the defeat of the Eurasian enemy and the
hunting-down of spies, saboteurs, thought-criminals, and traitors
generally.
Winston debated with himself whether to award Comrade
Ogilvy the Order of Conspicuous Merit: in the end he decided against it because of the unnecessary cross-referencing that it
would entail.
Once again he glanced at his rival in the opposite cubicle.
Something seemed to tell him with certainty that Tillotson was
busy on the same job as himself. There was no way of knowing
whose job would finally be adopted, but he felt a profound
conviction that it would be his own. Comrade Ogilvy, unimagined
an hour ago, was now a fact. It struck him as curious that you could
create dead men but not living ones. Comrade Ogilvy, who had
never existed in the present, now existed in the past, and when
once the act of forgery was forgotten, he would exist just as
authentically, and upon the same evidence, as Charlemagne or Julius Caesar.

CHAPTER 5

In the low-ceilinged canteen, deep underground, the lunchqueue jerked slowly forward. The room was already very fulland deafeningly noisy. From the grille at the counter the steamof stew came pouring forth, with a sour metallic smell which didnot quite overcome the fumes of Victory Gin. On the far side of theroom there was a small bar, a mere hole in the wall, where gincould be bought at ten cents the large nip.‘Just the man I was looking for,’ said a voice at Winston’sback.He turned round. It was his friend Syme, who worked in theResearch Department. Perhaps ‘friend’ was not exactly the rightword. You did not have friends nowadays, you had comrades: butthere were some comrades whose society was pleasanter than thatof others. Syme was a philologist, a specialist in Newspeak. Indeed,he was one of the enormous team of experts now engaged incompiling the Eleventh Edition of the Newspeak Dictionary. Hewas a tiny creature, smaller than Winston, with dark hair and large,protuberant eyes, at once mournful and derisive, which seemed tosearch your face closely while he was speaking to you.‘I wanted to ask you whether you’d got any razor blades,’ hesaid.‘Not one!’ said Winston with a sort of guilty haste. ‘I’ve triedall over the place. They don’t exist any longer.’Everyone kept asking you for razor blades. Actually he had twounused ones which he was hoarding up. There had been a famine of them for months past. At any given moment there was somenecessary article which the Party shops were unable to supply.Sometimes it was buttons, sometimes it was darning wool,sometimes it was shoelaces; at present it was razor blades. Youcould only get hold of them, if at all, by scrounging more or lessfurtively on the ‘free’ market.‘I’ve been using the same blade for six weeks,’ he addeduntruthfully.The queue gave another jerk forward. As they halted he turnedand faced Syme again. Each of them took a greasy metal tray froma pile at the end of the counter.‘Did you go and see the prisoners hanged yesterday?’ saidSyme.‘I was working,’ said Winston indifferently. ‘I shall see it onthe flicks, I suppose.’‘A very inadequate substitute,’ said Syme.His mocking eyes roved over Winston’s face. ‘I know you,’ theeyes seemed to say, ‘I see through you. I know very well why youdidn’t go to see those prisoners hanged.’ In an intellectual way,Syme was venomously orthodox. He would talk with a disagreeablegloating satisfaction of helicopter raids on enemy villages, andtrials and confessions of thought-criminals, the executions in thecellars of the Ministry of Love. Talking to him was largely a matterof getting him away from such subjects and entangling him, ifpossible, in the technicalities of Newspeak, on which he wasauthoritative and interesting. Winston turned his head a little asideto avoid the scrutiny of the large dark eyes.‘It was a good hanging,’ said Syme reminiscently. ‘I think itspoils it when they tie their feet together. I like to see themkicking. And above all, at the end, the tongue sticking right out, and blue — a quite bright blue. That’s the detail that appeals to me.’‘Nex’, please!’ yelled the white-aproned prole with the ladle.Winston and Syme pushed their trays beneath the grille. On toeach was dumped swiftly the regulation lunch — a metal pannikinof pinkish-grey stew, a hunk of bread, a cube of cheese, a mug ofmilkless Victory Coffee, and one saccharine tablet.‘There’s a table over there, under that telescreen,’ said Syme.‘Let’s pick up a gin on the way.’The gin was served out to them in handleless china mugs.They threaded their way across the crowded room and unpackedtheir trays on to the metal-topped table, on one corner of whichsomeone had left a pool of stew, a filthy liquid mess that had theappearance of vomit. Winston took up his mug of gin, paused foran instant to collect his nerve, and gulped the oily-tasting stuffdown. When he had winked the tears out of his eyes he suddenlydiscovered that he was hungry. He began swallowing spoonfuls ofthe stew, which, in among its general sloppiness, had cubes ofspongy pinkish stuff which was probably a preparation of meat.Neither of them spoke again till they had emptied their pannikins.From the table at Winston’s left, a little behind his back, someonewas talking rapidly and continuously, a harsh gabble almost likethe quacking of a duck, which pierced the general uproar of theroom.‘How is the Dictionary getting on?’ said Winston, raising hisvoice to overcome the noise.‘Slowly,’ said Syme. ‘I’m on the adjectives. It’s fascinating.’He had brightened up immediately at the mention ofNewspeak. He pushed his pannikin aside, took up his hunk ofbread in one delicate hand and his cheese in the other, and leanedacross the table so as to be able to speak without shouting. ‘The Eleventh Edition is the definitive edition,’ he said. ‘We’regetting the language into its final shape — the shape it’s going tohave when nobody speaks anything else. When we’ve finished withit, people like you will have to learn it all over again. You think, Idare say, that our chief job is inventing new words. But not a bit ofit! We’re destroying words — scores of them, hundreds of them,every day. We’re cutting the language down to the bone. TheEleventh Edition won’t contain a single word that will becomeobsolete before the year 2050.’He bit hungrily into his bread and swallowed a couple ofmouthfuls, then continued speaking, with a sort of pedant’spassion. His thin dark face had become animated, his eyes had losttheir mocking expression and grown almost dreamy.‘It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course thegreat wastage is in the verbs and adjectives, but there are hundredsof nouns that can be got rid of as well. It isn’t only the synonyms;there are also the antonyms. After all, what justification is there fora word which is simply the opposite of some other word? A wordcontains its opposite in itself. Take “good”, for instance. If you havea word like “good”, what need is there for a word like “bad”?“Ungood” will do just as well — better, because it’s an exactopposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a strongerversion of “good”, what sense is there in having a whole string ofvague useless words like “excellent” and “splendid” and all the restof them? “Plusgood” covers the meaning, or “doubleplusgood” ifyou want something stronger still. Of course we use those formsalready. but in the final version of Newspeak there’ll be nothingelse. In the end the whole notion of goodness and badness will becovered by only six words — in reality, only one word. Don’t yousee the beauty of that, Winston? It was B.B.‘s idea originally, of course,’ he added as an afterthought.A sort of vapid eagerness flitted across Winston’s face at themention of Big Brother. Nevertheless Syme immediately detected acertain lack of enthusiasm.‘You haven’t a real appreciation of Newspeak, Winston,’ hesaid almost sadly. ‘Even when you write it you’re still thinking inOldspeak. I’ve read some of those pieces that you write in “TheTimes” occasionally. They’re good enough, but they’re translations.In your heart you’d prefer to stick to Oldspeak, with all itsvagueness and its useless shades of meaning. You don’t grasp thebeauty of the destruction of words. Do you know that Newspeak isthe only language in the world whose vocabulary gets smaller everyyear?’Winston did know that, of course. He smiled, sympatheticallyhe hoped, not trusting himself to speak. Syme bit off anotherfragment of the dark-coloured bread, chewed it briefly, and wenton:‘Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrowthe range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrimeliterally impossible, because there will be no words in which toexpress it. Every concept that can ever be needed, will be expressedby exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all itssubsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten. Already, in theEleventh Edition, we’re not far from that point. But the process willstill be continuing long after you and I are dead. Every year fewerand fewer words, and the range of consciousness always a littlesmaller. Even now, of course, there’s no reason or excuse forcommitting thoughtcrime. It’s merely a question of self-discipline,reality-control. But in the end there won’t be any need even forthat. The Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect. Newspeak is Ingsoc and Ingsoc is Newspeak,’ he added with a sortof mystical satisfaction. ‘Has it ever occurred to you, Winston, thatby the year 2050, at the very latest, not a single human being willbe alive who could understand such a conversation as we arehaving now?’‘Except ——’ began Winston doubtfully, and he stopped.It had been on the tip of his tongue to say ‘Except the proles,’but he checked himself, not feeling fully certain that this remarkwas not in some way unorthodox. Syme, however, had divinedwhat he was about to say.‘The proles are not human beings,’ he said carelessly. ‘By 2050— earlier, probably — all real knowledge of Oldspeak will havedisappeared. The whole literature of the past will have beendestroyed. Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron — they’ll exist onlyin Newspeak versions, not merely changed into somethingdifferent, but actually changed into something contradictory ofwhat they used to be. Even the literature of the Party will change.Even the slogans will change. How could you have a slogan like“freedom is slavery” when the concept of freedom has beenabolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In factthere will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxymeans not thinking — not needing to think. Orthodoxy isunconsciousness.’One of these days, thought Winston with sudden deepconviction, Syme will be vaporized. He is too intelligent. He seestoo clearly and speaks too plainly. The Party does not like suchpeople. One day he will disappear. It is written in his face.Winston had finished his bread and cheese. He turned a littlesideways in his chair to drink his mug of coffee. At the table on hisleft the man with the strident voice was still talking remorselessly away. A young woman who was perhaps his secretary, and who wassitting with her back to Winston, was listening to him and seemedto be eagerly agreeing with everything that he said. From time totime Winston caught some such remark as ‘I think you’re so right,I do so agree with you’, uttered in a youthful and rather sillyfeminine voice. But the other voice never stopped for an instant,even when the girl was speaking. Winston knew the man by sight,though he knew no more about him than that he held someimportant post in the Fiction Department. He was a man of aboutthirty, with a muscular throat and a large, mobile mouth. His headwas thrown back a little, and because of the angle at which he wassitting, his spectacles caught the light and presented to Winstontwo blank discs instead of eyes. What was slightly horrible, wasthat from the stream of sound that poured out of his mouth it wasalmost impossible to distinguish a single word. Just once Winstoncaught a phrase —‘complete and final elimination ofGoldsteinism’— jerked out very rapidly and, as it seemed, all in onepiece, like a line of type cast solid. For the rest it was just a noise, aquack-quack-quacking. And yet, though you could not actually hearwhat the man was saying, you could not be in any doubt about itsgeneral nature. He might be denouncing Goldstein and demandingsterner measures against thought-criminals and saboteurs, hemight be fulminating against the atrocities of the Eurasian army,he might be praising Big Brother or the heroes on the Malabarfront — it made no difference. Whatever it was, you could becertain that every word of it was pure orthodoxy, pure Ingsoc. As hewatched the eyeless face with the jaw moving rapidly up and down,Winston had a curious feeling that this was not a real human beingbut some kind of dummy.

It was not the man’s brain that wasspeaking, it was his larynx. The stuff that was coming out of himconsisted of words, but it was not speech in the true sense: it was a noise uttered in unconsciousness, like the quacking of a duck.Syme had fallen silent for a moment, and with the handle ofhis spoon was tracing patterns in the puddle of stew. The voicefrom the other table quacked rapidly on, easily audible in spite ofthe surrounding din.‘There is a word in Newspeak,’ said Syme, ‘I don’t knowwhether you know it: DUCKSPEAK, to quack like a duck. It is oneof those interesting words that have two contradictory meanings.Applied to an opponent, it is abuse, applied to someone you agreewith, it is praise.’Unquestionably Syme will be vaporized, Winston thoughtagain. He thought it with a kind of sadness, although well knowingthat Syme despised him and slightly disliked him, and was fullycapable of denouncing him as a thought-criminal if he saw anyreason for doing so. There was something subtly wrong with Syme.There was something that he lacked: discretion, aloofness, a sort ofsaving stupidity. You could not say that he was unorthodox. Hebelieved in the principles of Ingsoc, he venerated Big Brother, herejoiced over victories, he hated heretics, not merely with sinceritybut with a sort of restless zeal, an up-to-dateness of information,which the ordinary Party member did not approach. Yet a faint airof disreputability always clung to him. He said things that wouldhave been better unsaid, he had read too many books, hefrequented the Chestnut Tree Cafe, haunt of painters andmusicians. There was no law, not even an unwritten law, againstfrequenting the Chestnut Tree Cafe, yet the place was somehow illomened. The old, discredited leaders of the Party had been used togather there before they were finally purged. Goldstein himself, itwas said, had sometimes been seen there, years and decades ago.Syme’s fate was not difficult to foresee. And yet it was a fact that if Syme grasped, even for three seconds, the nature of his, Winston’s,secret opinions, he would betray him instantly to the ThoughtPolice. So would anybody else, for that matter: but Syme more thanmost. Zeal was not enough. Orthodoxy was unconsciousness.Syme looked up. ‘Here comes Parsons,’ he said.Something in the tone of his voice seemed to add, ‘that bloodyfool’. Parsons, Winston’s fellow-tenant at Victory Mansions, was infact threading his way across the room — a tubby, middle-sizedman with fair hair and a froglike face. At thirty-five he was alreadyputting on rolls of fat at neck and waistline, but his movementswere brisk and boyish. His whole appearance was that of a littleboy grown large, so much so that although he was wearing theregulation overalls, it was almost impossible not to think of him asbeing dressed in the blue shorts, grey shirt, and red neckerchief ofthe Spies. In visualizing him one saw always a picture of dimpledknees and sleeves rolled back from pudgy forearms. Parsons did,indeed, invariably revert to shorts when a community hike or anyother physical activity gave him an excuse for doing so. He greetedthem both with a cheery ‘Hullo, hullo!’ and sat down at the table,giving off an intense smell of sweat. Beads of moisture stood outall over his pink face. His powers of sweating were extraordinary.At the Community Centre you could always tell when he had beenplaying table-tennis by the dampness of the bat handle. Syme hadproduced a strip of paper on which there was a long column ofwords, and was studying it with an ink-pencil between his fingers.‘Look at him working away in the lunch hour,’ said Parsons,nudging Winston. ‘Keenness, eh? What’s that you’ve got there, oldboy? Something a bit too brainy for me, I expect. Smith, old boy, I’lltell you why I’m chasing you. It’s that sub you forgot to give me.’‘Which sub is that?’ said Winston, automatically feeling for money. About a quarter of one’s salary had to be earmarked forvoluntary subscriptions, which were so numerous that it wasdifficult to keep track of them.‘For Hate Week. You know — the house-by-house fund. I’mtreasurer for our block. We’re making an all-out effort — going toput on a tremendous show. I tell you, it won’t be my fault if oldVictory Mansions doesn’t have the biggest outfit of flags in thewhole street. Two dollars you promised me.’Winston found and handed over two creased and filthy notes,which Parsons entered in a small notebook, in the neathandwriting of the illiterate.‘By the way, old boy,’ he said. ‘I hear that little beggar of minelet fly at you with his catapult yesterday. I gave him a gooddressing-down for it. In fact I told him I’d take the catapult away ifhe does it again.’‘I think he was a little upset at not going to the execution,’ saidWinston.‘Ah, well — what I mean to say, shows the right spirit, doesn’tit? Mischievous little beggars they are, both of them, but talk aboutkeenness! All they think about is the Spies, and the war, of course.D’you know what that little girl of mine did last Saturday, when hertroop was on a hike out Berkhamsted way? She got two other girlsto go with her, slipped off from the hike, and spent the wholeafternoon following a strange man. They kept on his tail for twohours, right through the woods, and then, when they got intoAmersham, handed him over to the patrols.’‘What did they do that for?’ said Winston, somewhat takenaback. Parsons went on triumphantly:‘My kid made sure he was some kind of enemy agent — mighthave been dropped by parachute, for instance. But here’s the point, old boy. What do you think put her on to him in the first place? Shespotted he was wearing a funny kind of shoes — said she’d neverseen anyone wearing shoes like that before. So the chances were hewas a foreigner. Pretty smart for a nipper of seven, eh?’‘What happened to the man?’ said Winston.‘Ah, that I couldn’t say, of course. But I wouldn’t be altogethersurprised if ——’ Parsons made the motion of aiming a rifle, andclicked his tongue for the explosion.‘Good,’ said Syme abstractedly, without looking up from hisstrip of paper.‘Of course we can’t afford to take chances,’ agreed Winstondutifully.‘What I mean to say, there is a war on,’ said Parsons.As though in confirmation of this, a trumpet call floated fromthe telescreen just above their heads. However, it was not theproclamation of a military victory this time, but merely anannouncement from the Ministry of Plenty.‘Comrades!’ cried an eager youthful voice. ‘Attention,comrades! We have glorious news for you. We have won the battlefor production! Returns now completed of the output of all classesof consumption goods show that the standard of living has risen byno less than 20 per cent over the past year. All over Oceania thismorning there were irrepressible spontaneous demonstrationswhen workers marched out of factories and offices and paradedthrough the streets with banners voicing their gratitude to BigBrother for the new, happy life which his wise leadership hasbestowed upon us. Here are some of the completed figures.Foodstuffs ——’The phrase ‘our new, happy life’ recurred several times. It had been a favourite of late with the Ministry of Plenty. Parsons, hisattention caught by the trumpet call, sat listening with a sort ofgaping solemnity, a sort of edified boredom. He could not followthe figures, but he was aware that they were in some way a causefor satisfaction. He had lugged out a huge and filthy pipe whichwas already half full of charred tobacco. With the tobacco ration at100 grammes a week it was seldom possible to fill a pipe to the top.Winston was smoking a Victory Cigarette which he held carefullyhorizontal. The new ration did not start till tomorrow and he hadonly four cigarettes left. For the moment he had shut his ears tothe remoter noises and was listening to the stuff that streamed outof the telescreen. It appeared that there had even beendemonstrations to thank Big Brother for raising the chocolateration to twenty grammes a week. And only yesterday, he reflected,it had been announced that the ration was to be REDUCED totwenty grammes a week. Was it possible that they could swallowthat, after only twenty-four hours? Yes, they swallowed it. Parsonsswallowed it easily, with the stupidity of an animal. The eyelesscreature at the other table swallowed it fanatically, passionately,with a furious desire to track down, denounce, and vaporize anyonewho should suggest that last week the ration had been thirtygrammes. Syme, too — in some more complex way, involvingdoublethink, Syme swallowed it. Was he, then, ALONE in thepossession of a memory?The fabulous statistics continued to pour out of the telescreen.As compared with last year there was more food, more clothes,more houses, more furniture, more cooking-pots, more fuel, moreships, more helicopters, more books, more babies — more ofeverything except disease, crime, and insanity. Year by year andminute by minute, everybody and everything was whizzing rapidly upwards. As Syme had done earlier Winston had taken up hisspoon and was dabbling in the pale-coloured gravy that dribbledacross the table, drawing a long streak of it out into a pattern. Hemeditated resentfully on the physical texture of life. Had it alwaysbeen like this? Had food always tasted like this? He looked roundthe canteen. A low-ceilinged, crowded room, its walls grimy fromthe contact of innumerable bodies; battered metal tables andchairs, placed so close together that you sat with elbows touching;bent spoons, dented trays, coarse white mugs; all surfaces greasy,grime in every crack; and a sourish, composite smell of bad gin andbad coffee and metallic stew and dirty clothes. Always in yourstomach and in your skin there was a sort of protest, a feeling thatyou had been cheated of something that you had a right to. It wastrue that he had no memories of anything greatly different. In anytime that he could accurately remember, there had never beenquite enough to eat, one had never had socks or underclothes thatwere not full of holes, furniture had always been battered andrickety, rooms underheated, tube trains crowded, houses falling topieces, bread dark-coloured, tea a rarity, coffee filthy-tasting,cigarettes insufficient — nothing cheap and plentiful exceptsynthetic gin. And though, of course, it grew worse as one’s bodyaged, was it not a sign that this was NOT the natural order ofthings, if one’s heart sickened at the discomfort and dirt andscarcity, the interminable winters, the stickiness of one’s socks, thelifts that never worked, the cold water, the gritty soap, thecigarettes that came to pieces, the food with its strange evil tastes?Why should one feel it to be intolerable unless one had some kindof ancestral memory that things had once been different?He looked round the canteen again. Nearly everyone was ugly,and would still have been ugly even if dressed otherwise than in the uniform blue overalls. On the far side of the room, sitting at atable alone, a small, curiously beetle-like man was drinking a cupof coffee, his little eyes darting suspicious glances from side toside. How easy it was, thought Winston, if you did not look aboutyou, to believe that the physical type set up by the Party as an ideal— tall muscular youths and deep-bosomed maidens, blond-haired,vital, sunburnt, carefree — existed and even predominated.Actually, so far as he could judge, the majority of people in AirstripOne were small, dark, and ill-favoured. It was curious how thatbeetle-like type proliferated in the Ministries: little dumpy men,growing stout very early in life, with short legs, swift scuttlingmovements, and fat inscrutable faces with very small eyes. It wasthe type that seemed to flourish best under the dominion of theParty.The announcement from the Ministry of Plenty ended onanother trumpet call and gave way to tinny music. Parsons, stirredto vague enthusiasm by the bombardment of figures, took his pipeout of his mouth.‘The Ministry of Plenty’s certainly done a good job this year,’he said with a knowing shake of his head. ‘By the way, Smith oldboy, I suppose you haven’t got any razor blades you can let mehave?’‘Not one,’ said Winston. ‘I’ve been using the same blade for sixweeks myself.’‘Ah, well — just thought I’d ask you, old boy.’‘Sorry,’ said Winston.The quacking voice from the next table, temporarily silencedduring the Ministry’s announcement, had started up again, as loudas ever. For some reason Winston suddenly found himself thinkingof Mrs Parsons, with her wispy hair and the dust in the creases of her face. Within two years those children would be denouncing herto the Thought Police. Mrs Parsons would be vaporized. Symewould be vaporized. Winston would be vaporized. O’Brien would bevaporized. Parsons, on the other hand, would never be vaporized.The eyeless creature with the quacking voice would never bevaporized. The little beetle-like men who scuttle so nimbly throughthe labyrinthine corridors of Ministries they, too, would never bevaporized. And the girl with dark hair, the girl from the FictionDepartment — she would never be vaporized either. It seemed tohim that he knew instinctively who would survive and who wouldperish: though just what it was that made for survival, it was noteasy to say.At this moment he was dragged out of his reverie with aviolent jerk. The girl at the next table had turned partly round andwas looking at him. It was the girl with dark hair. She was lookingat him in a sidelong way, but with curious intensity. The instantshe caught his eye she looked away again.The sweat started out on Winston’s backbone. A horrible pangof terror went through him. It was gone almost at once, but it left asort of nagging uneasiness behind. Why was she watching him?Why did she keep following him about? Unfortunately he could notremember whether she had already been at the table when hearrived, or had come there afterwards. But yesterday, at any rate,during the Two Minutes Hate, she had sat immediately behind himwhen there was no apparent need to do so. Quite likely her realobject had been to listen to him and make sure whether he wasshouting loudly enough.His earlier thought returned to him: probably she was notactually a member of the Thought Police, but then it was preciselythe amateur spy who was the greatest danger of all. He did not know how long she had been looking at him, but perhaps for asmuch as five minutes, and it was possible that his features had notbeen perfectly under control. It was terribly dangerous to let yourthoughts wander when you were in any public place or withinrange of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. Anervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering toyourself — anything that carried with it the suggestion ofabnormality, of having something to hide. In any case, to wear animproper expression on your face (to look incredulous when avictory was announced, for example) was itself a punishableoffence. There was even a word for it in Newspeak: FACECRIME, itwas called.The girl had turned her back on him again. Perhaps after allshe was not really following him about, perhaps it was coincidencethat she had sat so close to him two days running. His cigarette hadgone out, and he laid it carefully on the edge of the table. He wouldfinish smoking it after work, if he could keep the tobacco in it.Quite likely the person at the next table was a spy of the ThoughtPolice, and quite likely he would be in the cellars of the Ministry ofLove within three days, but a cigarette end must not be wasted.Syme had folded up his strip of paper and stowed it away in hispocket. Parsons had begun talking again.‘Did I ever tell you, old boy,’ he said, chuckling round the stemof his pipe, ‘about the time when those two nippers of mine set fireto the old market-woman’s skirt because they saw her wrapping upsausages in a poster of B.B.? Sneaked up behind her and set fire toit with a box of matches. Burned her quite badly, I believe. Littlebeggars, eh? But keen as mustard! That’s a first-rate training theygive them in the Spies nowadays — better than in my day, even.What d’you think’s the latest thing they’ve served them out with? Ear trumpets for listening through keyholes! My little girl broughtone home the other night — tried it out on our sitting-room door,and reckoned she could hear twice as much as with her ear to thehole. Of course it’s only a toy, mind you. Still, gives ’em the rightidea, eh?’At this moment the telescreen let out a piercing whistle. It wasthe signal to return to work. All three men sprang to their feet tojoin in the struggle round the lifts, and the remaining tobacco fellout of Winston’s cigarette.

CHAPTER 6

Winston was writing in his diary:

It was three years ago. It was on a dark evening, in a
narrow side-street near one of the big railway stations.
She was standing near a doorway in the wall, under a street lamp
that hardly gave any light. She had a young face, painted very thick.
It was really the paint that appealed to me, the whiteness of it, like a
mask, and the bright red lips. Party women never paint their faces.
There was nobody else in the street, and no telescreens. She said two
dollars. I——

For the moment it was too difficult to go on. He shut his eyes and
pressed his fingers against them, trying to squeeze out the vision
that kept recurring. He had an almost overwhelming temptation to
shout a string of filthy words at the top of his voice. Or to bang his
head against the wall, to kick over the table, and hurl the inkpot
through the window — to do any violent or noisy or painful thing
that might black out the memory that was tormenting him.
Your worst enemy, he reflected, was your own nervous system.
At any moment the tension inside you was liable to translate itself
into some visible symptom. He thought of a man whom he had
passed in the street a few weeks back; a quite ordinary-looking
man, a Party member, aged thirty-five to forty, tallish and thin,
carrying a brief-case. They were a few metres apart when the left
side of the man’s face was suddenly contorted by a sort of spasm. It
happened again just as they were passing one another: it was only a
twitch, a quiver, rapid as the clicking of a camera shutter, but obviously habitual. He remembered thinking at the time: That poor
devil is done for. And what was frightening was that the action was
quite possibly unconscious. The most deadly danger of all was
talking in your sleep. There was no way of guarding against that, so
far as he could see.
He drew his breath and went on writing:

I went with her through the doorway and across a backyard into a
basement kitchen. There was a bed against the wall, and a lamp on
the table, turned down very low. She ——

His teeth were set on edge. He would have liked to spit.
Simultaneously with the woman in the basement kitchen he
thought of Katharine, his wife. Winston was married — had been
married, at any rate: probably he still was married, so far as he
knew his wife was not dead. He seemed to breathe again the warm
stuffy odour of the basement kitchen, an odour compounded of
bugs and dirty clothes and villainous cheap scent, but nevertheless
alluring, because no woman of the Party ever used scent, or could
be imagined as doing so. Only the proles used scent. In his mind
the smell of it was inextricably mixed up with fornication.
When he had gone with that woman it had been his first lapse
in two years or thereabouts. Consorting with prostitutes was
forbidden, of course, but it was one of those rules that you could
occasionally nerve yourself to break. It was dangerous, but it was
not a life-and-death matter. To be caught with a prostitute might
mean five years in a forced-labour camp: not more, if you had
committed no other offence. And it was easy enough, provided that
you could avoid being caught in the act. The poorer quarters
swarmed with women who were ready to sell themselves. Some
could even be purchased for a bottle of gin, which the proles were not supposed to drink. Tacitly the Party was even inclined to
encourage prostitution, as an outlet for instincts which could not
be altogether suppressed. Mere debauchery did not matter very
much, so long as it was furtive and joyless and only involved the
women of a submerged and despised class. The unforgivable crime
was promiscuity between Party members. But — though this was
one of the crimes that the accused in the great purges invariably
confessed to — it was difficult to imagine any such thing actually
happening.
The aim of the Party was not merely to prevent men and
women from forming loyalties which it might not be able to
control. Its real, undeclared purpose was to remove all pleasure
from the sexual act. Not love so much as eroticism was the enemy,
inside marriage as well as outside it. All marriages between Party
members had to be approved by a committee appointed for the
purpose, and — though the principle was never clearly stated —
permission was always refused if the couple concerned gave the
impression of being physically attracted to one another. The only
recognized purpose of marriage was to beget children for the
service of the Party. Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a
slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema. This
again was never put into plain words, but in an indirect way it was
rubbed into every Party member from childhood onwards. There
were even organizations such as the Junior Anti-Sex League, which
advocated complete celibacy for both sexes. All children were to be
begotten by artificial insemination (ARTSEM, it was called in
Newspeak) and brought up in public institutions. This, Winston
was aware, was not meant altogether seriously, but somehow it
fitted in with the general ideology of the Party. The Party was
trying to kill the sex instinct, or, if it could not be killed, then to distort it and dirty it. He did not know why this was so, but it
seemed natural that it should be so. And as far as the women were
concerned, the Party’s efforts were largely successful.
He thought again of Katharine. It must be nine, ten — nearly
eleven years since they had parted. It was curious how seldom he
thought of her. For days at a time he was capable of forgetting that
he had ever been married. They had only been together for about
fifteen months. The Party did not permit divorce, but it rather
encouraged separation in cases where there were no children.
Katharine was a tall, fair-haired girl, very straight, with
splendid movements. She had a bold, aquiline face, a face that one
might have called noble until one discovered that there was as
nearly as possible nothing behind it. Very early in her married life
he had decided — though perhaps it was only that he knew her
more intimately than he knew most people — that she had without
exception the most stupid, vulgar, empty mind that he had ever
encountered. She had not a thought in her head that was not a
slogan, and there was no imbecility, absolutely none that she was
not capable of swallowing if the Party handed it out to her. ‘The
human sound-track’ he nicknamed her in his own mind. Yet he
could have endured living with her if it had not been for just one
thing — sex.
As soon as he touched her she seemed to wince and stiffen. To
embrace her was like embracing a jointed wooden image. And what
was strange was that even when she was clasping him against her
he had the feeling that she was simultaneously pushing him away
with all her strength. The rigidity of her muscles managed to
convey that impression. She would lie there with shut eyes, neither
resisting nor co-operating but SUBMITTING. It was extraordinarily
embarrassing, and, after a while, horrible. But even then he could have borne living with her if it had been agreed that they should
remain celibate. But curiously enough it was Katharine who
refused this. They must, she said, produce a child if they could. So
the performance continued to happen, once a week quite regularly,
whenever it was not impossible. She even used to remind him of it
in the morning, as something which had to be done that evening
and which must not be forgotten. She had two names for it. One
was ‘making a baby’, and the other was ‘our duty to the Party’ (yes,
she had actually used that phrase). Quite soon he grew to have a
feeling of positive dread when the appointed day came round. But
luckily no child appeared, and in the end she agreed to give up
trying, and soon afterwards they parted.
Winston sighed inaudibly. He picked up his pen again and wrote:

She threw herself down on the bed, and at once, without any kind of
preliminary in the most coarse, horrible way you can imagine,
pulled up her skirt. I——

He saw himself standing there in the dim lamplight, with the smell
of bugs and cheap scent in his nostrils, and in his heart a feeling of
defeat and resentment which even at that moment was mixed up
with the thought of Katharine’s white body, frozen for ever by the
hypnotic power of the Party. Why did it always have to be like this?
Why could he not have a woman of his own instead of these filthy
scuffles at intervals of years? But a real love affair was an almost
unthinkable event. The women of the Party were all alike. Chastity
was as deep ingrained in them as Party loyalty. By careful early
conditioning, by games and cold water, by the rubbish that was
dinned into them at school and in the Spies and the Youth League,
by lectures, parades, songs, slogans, and martial music, the natural
feeling had been driven out of them. His reason told him that there must be exceptions, but his heart did not believe it. They were all
impregnable, as the Party intended that they should be. And what
he wanted, more even than to be loved, was to break down that
wall of virtue, even if it were only once in his whole life. The sexual
act, successfully performed, was rebellion. Desire was
thoughtcrime. Even to have awakened Katharine, if he could have
achieved it, would have been like a seduction, although she was his wife.

But the rest of the story had got to be written down. He wrote:

I turned up the lamp. When I saw her in the light ——

After the darkness the feeble light of the paraffin lamp had seemed
very bright. For the first time he could see the woman properly. He
had taken a step towards her and then halted, full of lust and
terror. He was painfully conscious of the risk he had taken in
coming here. It was perfectly possible that the patrols would catch
him on the way out: for that matter they might be waiting outside
the door at this moment. If he went away without even doing what
he had come here to do ——!
It had got to be written down, it had got to be confessed. What
he had suddenly seen in the lamplight was that the woman was
OLD. The paint was plastered so thick on her face that it looked as
though it might crack like a cardboard mask. There were streaks of
white in her hair; but the truly dreadful detail was that her mouth
had fallen a little open, revealing nothing except a cavernous
blackness. She had no teeth at all.
He wrote hurriedly, in scrabbling handwriting:

When I saw her in the light she was quite an old woman, fifty years
old at least. But I went ahead and did it just the same.

He pressed his fingers against his eyelids again. He had written it
down at last, but it made no difference. The therapy had not
worked. The urge to shout filthy words at the top of his voice was
as strong as ever.

CHAPTER 7

‘If there is hope,’ wrote Winston, ‘it lies in the proles.’
If there was hope, it MUST lie in the proles, because only
there in those swarming disregarded masses, 85 per cent of
the population of Oceania, could the force to destroy the Party ever
be generated. The Party could not be overthrown from within. Its
enemies, if it had any enemies, had no way of coming together or
even of identifying one another. Even if the legendary Brotherhood
existed, as just possibly it might, it was inconceivable that its
members could ever assemble in larger numbers than twos and
threes. Rebellion meant a look in the eyes, an inflexion of the
voice, at the most, an occasional whispered word. But the proles, if
only they could somehow become conscious of their own strength.
would have no need to conspire. They needed only to rise up and
shake themselves like a horse shaking off flies. If they chose they
could blow the Party to pieces tomorrow morning. Surely sooner or
later it must occur to them to do it? And yet ——!
He remembered how once he had been walking down a
crowded street when a tremendous shout of hundreds of voices
women’s voices — had burst from a side-street a little way ahead. It
was a great formidable cry of anger and despair, a deep, loud ‘Oh-oo-o-oh!’ that went humming on like the reverberation of a bell. His
heart had leapt. It’s started! he had thought. A riot! The proles are
breaking loose at last! When he had reached the spot it was to see a
mob of two or three hundred women crowding round the stalls of a
street market, with faces as tragic as though they had been the doomed passengers on a sinking ship. But at this moment the
general despair broke down into a multitude of individual quarrels.
It appeared that one of the stalls had been selling tin saucepans.
They were wretched, flimsy things, but cooking-pots of any kind
were always difficult to get. Now the supply had unexpectedly given
out. The successful women, bumped and jostled by the rest, were
trying to make off with their saucepans while dozens of others
clamoured round the stall, accusing the stall-keeper of favouritism
and of having more saucepans somewhere in reserve. There was a
fresh outburst of yells. Two bloated women, one of them with her
hair coming down, had got hold of the same saucepan and were
trying to tear it out of one another’s hands. For a moment they
were both tugging, and then the handle came off. Winston watched
them disgustedly. And yet, just for a moment, what almost
frightening power had sounded in that cry from only a few hundred
throats! Why was it that they could never shout like that about
anything that mattered?
He wrote:

Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after
they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.

That, he reflected, might almost have been a transcription from
one of the Party textbooks. The Party claimed, of course, to have
liberated the proles from bondage. Before the Revolution they had
been hideously oppressed by the capitalists, they had been starved
and flogged, women had been forced to work in the coal mines
(women still did work in the coal mines, as a matter of fact),
children had been sold into the factories at the age of six. But
simultaneously, true to the Principles of doublethink, the Party
taught that the proles were natural inferiors who must be kept in subjection, like animals, by the application of a few simple rules. In
reality very little was known about the proles. It was not necessary
to know much. So long as they continued to work and breed, their
other activities were without importance. Left to themselves, like
cattle turned loose upon the plains of Argentina, they had reverted
to a style of life that appeared to be natural to them, a sort of
ancestral pattern. They were born, they grew up in the gutters, they
went to work at twelve, they passed through a brief blossomingperiod of beauty and sexual desire, they married at twenty, they
were middle-aged at thirty, they died, for the most part, at sixty.
Heavy physical work, the care of home and children, petty quarrels
with neighbours, films, football, beer, and above all, gambling,
filled up the horizon of their minds. To keep them in control was
not difficult. A few agents of the Thought Police moved always
among them, spreading false rumours and marking down and
eliminating the few individuals who were judged capable of
becoming dangerous; but no attempt was made to indoctrinate
them with the ideology of the Party. It was not desirable that the
proles should have strong political feelings. All that was required of
them was a primitive patriotism which could be appealed to
whenever it was necessary to make them accept longer workinghours or shorter rations. And even when they became
discontented, as they sometimes did, their discontent led nowhere,
because being without general ideas, they could only focus it on
petty specific grievances. The larger evils invariably escaped their
notice. The great majority of proles did not even have telescreens
in their homes. Even the civil police interfered with them very
little. There was a vast amount of criminality in London, a whole
world-within-a-world of thieves, bandits, prostitutes, drugpeddlers, and racketeers of every description; but since it all
happened among the proles themselves, it was of no importance. In all questions of morals they were allowed to follow their
ancestral code. The sexual puritanism of the Party was not imposed
upon them. Promiscuity went unpunished, divorce was permitted.
For that matter, even religious worship would have been permitted
if the proles had shown any sign of needing or wanting it. They
were beneath suspicion. As the Party slogan put it: ‘Proles and
animals are free.’
Winston reached down and cautiously scratched his varicose
ulcer. It had begun itching again. The thing you invariably came
back to was the impossibility of knowing what life before the
Revolution had really been like. He took out of the drawer a copy of
a children’s history textbook which he had borrowed from Mrs
Parsons, and began copying a passage into the diary:

In the old days (it ran), before the glorious Revolution, London was
not the beautiful city that we know today. It was a dark, dirty,
miserable place where hardly anybody had enough to eat and where
hundreds and thousands of poor people had no boots on their feet
and not even a roof to sleep under. Children no older than you had
to work twelve hours a day for cruel masters who flogged them
with whips if they worked too slowly and fed them on nothing but
stale breadcrusts and water. But in among all this terrible poverty
there were just a few great big beautiful houses that were lived in by
rich men who had as many as thirty servants to look after them.
These rich men were called capitalists. They were fat, ugly men with
wicked faces, like the one in the picture on the opposite page. You
can see that he is dressed in a long black coat which was called a
frock coat, and a queer, shiny hat shaped like a stovepipe, which
was called a top hat. This was the uniform of the capitalists, and no
one else was allowed to wear it. The capitalists owned everything in
the world, and everyone else was their slave. They owned all the
land, all the houses, all the factories, and all the money. If anyone
disobeyed them they could throw them into prison, or they could take his job away and starve him to death. When any ordinary
person spoke to a capitalist he had to cringe and bow to him, and
take of his cap and address him as ‘Sir’. The chief of all the
capitalists was called the King, and ——

But he knew the rest of the catalogue. There would be mention of
the bishops in their lawn sleeves, the judges in their ermine robes,
the pillory, the stocks, the treadmill, the cat-o’-nine tails, the Lord
Mayor’s Banquet, and the practice of kissing the Pope’s toe. There
was also something called the JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS, which would
probably not be mentioned in a textbook for children. It was the
law by which every capitalist had the right to sleep with any woman
working in one of his factories.
How could you tell how much of it was lies? It MIGHT be true
that the average human being was better off now than he had been
before the Revolution. The only evidence to the contrary was the
mute protest in your own bones, the instinctive feeling that the
conditions you lived in were intolerable and that at some other
time they must have been different. It struck him that the truly
characteristic thing about modern life was not its cruelty and
insecurity, but simply its bareness, its dinginess, its listlessness.
Life, if you looked about you, bore no resemblance not only to the
lies that streamed out of the telescreens, but even to the ideals that
the Party was trying to achieve. Great areas of it, even for a Party
member, were neutral and non-political, a matter of slogging
through dreary jobs, fighting for a place on the Tube, darning a
worn-out sock, cadging a saccharine tablet, saving a cigarette end.
The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible, and
glittering — a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines
and terrifying weapons — a nation of warriors and fanatics,
marching forward in perfect unity, all thinking the same thoughts and shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting,
triumphing, persecuting — three hundred million people all with
the same face. The reality was decaying, dingy cities where
underfed people shuffled to and fro in leaky shoes, in patched-up
nineteenth-century houses that smelt always of cabbage and bad
lavatories. He seemed to see a vision of London, vast and ruinous,
city of a million dustbins, and mixed up with it was a picture of Mrs
Parsons, a woman with lined face and wispy hair, fiddling
helplessly with a blocked waste-pipe.
He reached down and scratched his ankle again. Day and night
the telescreens bruised your ears with statistics proving that people
today had more food, more clothes, better houses, better
recreations — that they lived longer, worked shorter hours, were
bigger, healthier, stronger, happier, more intelligent, better
educated, than the people of fifty years ago. Not a word of it could
ever be proved or disproved. The Party claimed, for example, that
today 40 per cent of adult proles were literate: before the
Revolution, it was said, the number had only been 15 per cent. The
Party claimed that the infant mortality rate was now only 160 per
thousand, whereas before the Revolution it had been 300 — and so
it went on. It was like a single equation with two unknowns. It
might very well be that literally every word in the history books,
even the things that one accepted without question, was pure
fantasy. For all he knew there might never have been any such law
as the JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS, or any such creature as a capitalist,
or any such garment as a top hat.
Everything faded into mist. The past was erased, the erasure
was forgotten, the lie became truth. Just once in his life he had
possessed — AFTER the event: that was what counted — concrete,
unmistakable evidence of an act of falsification. He had held it between his fingers for as long as thirty seconds. In 1973, it must
have been — at any rate, it was at about the time when he and
Katharine had parted. But the really relevant date was seven or
eight years earlier.
The story really began in the middle sixties, the period of the
great purges in which the original leaders of the Revolution were
wiped out once and for all. By 1970 none of them was left, except
Big Brother himself. All the rest had by that time been exposed as
traitors and counter-revolutionaries. Goldstein had fled and was
hiding no one knew where, and of the others, a few had simply
disappeared, while the majority had been executed after
spectacular public trials at which they made confession of their
crimes. Among the last survivors were three men named Jones,
Aaronson, and Rutherford. It must have been in 1965 that these
three had been arrested. As often happened, they had vanished for
a year or more, so that one did not know whether they were alive or
dead, and then had suddenly been brought forth to incriminate
themselves in the usual way. They had confessed to intelligence
with the enemy (at that date, too, the enemy was Eurasia),
embezzlement of public funds, the murder of various trusted Party
members, intrigues against the leadership of Big Brother which
had started long before the Revolution happened, and acts of
sabotage causing the death of hundreds of thousands of people.
After confessing to these things they had been pardoned, reinstated
in the Party, and given posts which were in fact sinecures but
which sounded important. All three had written long, abject articles
in ‘The Times’, analysing the reasons for their defection and
promising to make amends.
Some time after their release Winston had actually seen all
three of them in the Chestnut Tree Cafe. He remembered the sort of terrified fascination with which he had watched them out of the
corner of his eye. They were men far older than himself, relics of
the ancient world, almost the last great figures left over from the
heroic days of the Party. The glamour of the underground struggle
and the civil war still faintly clung to them. He had the feeling,
though already at that time facts and dates were growing blurry,
that he had known their names years earlier than he had known
that of Big Brother. But also they were outlaws, enemies,
untouchables, doomed with absolute certainty to extinction within
a year or two. No one who had once fallen into the hands of the
Thought Police ever escaped in the end. They were corpses waiting
to be sent back to the grave.
There was no one at any of the tables nearest to them. It was
not wise even to be seen in the neighbourhood of such people.
They were sitting in silence before glasses of the gin flavoured with
cloves which was the speciality of the cafe. Of the three, it was
Rutherford whose appearance had most impressed Winston.
Rutherford had once been a famous caricaturist, whose brutal
cartoons had helped to inflame popular opinion before and during
the Revolution. Even now, at long intervals, his cartoons were
appearing in The Times. They were simply an imitation of his
earlier manner, and curiously lifeless and unconvincing. Always
they were a rehashing of the ancient themes — slum tenements,
starving children, street battles, capitalists in top hats — even on
the barricades the capitalists still seemed to cling to their top hats
an endless, hopeless effort to get back into the past. He was a
monstrous man, with a mane of greasy grey hair, his face pouched
and seamed, with thick negroid lips. At one time he must have
been immensely strong; now his great body was sagging, sloping,
bulging, falling away in every direction. He seemed to be breaking up before one’s eyes, like a mountain crumbling.
It was the lonely hour of fifteen. Winston could not now
remember how he had come to be in the cafe at such a time. The
place was almost empty. A tinny music was trickling from the
telescreens. The three men sat in their corner almost motionless,
never speaking. Uncommanded, the waiter brought fresh glasses of
gin. There was a chessboard on the table beside them, with the
pieces set out but no game started. And then, for perhaps half a
minute in all, something happened to the telescreens. The tune
that they were playing changed, and the tone of the music changed
too. There came into it — but it was something hard to describe. It
was a peculiar, cracked, braying, jeering note: in his mind Winston
called it a yellow note. And then a voice from the telescreen was singing:

Under the spreading chestnut tree
I sold you and you sold me:
There lie they, and here lie we
Under the spreading chestnut tree.

The three men never stirred. But when Winston glanced again at
Rutherford’s ruinous face, he saw that his eyes were full of tears.
And for the first time he noticed, with a kind of inward shudder,
and yet not knowing AT WHAT he shuddered, that both Aaronson
and Rutherford had broken noses.
A little later all three were re-arrested. It appeared that they
had engaged in fresh conspiracies from the very moment of their
release. At their second trial they confessed to all their old crimes
over again, with a whole string of new ones. They were executed,
and their fate was recorded in the Party histories, a warning to
posterity. About five years after this, in 1973, Winston was unrolling a wad of documents which had just flopped out of the
pneumatic tube on to his desk when he came on a fragment of
paper which had evidently been slipped in among the others and
then forgotten. The instant he had flattened it out he saw its
significance. It was a half-page torn out of ‘The Times’ of about ten
years earlier — the top half of the page, so that it included the date
— and it contained a photograph of the delegates at some Party
function in New York. Prominent in the middle of the group were
Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford. There was no mistaking them, in
any case their names were in the caption at the bottom.
The point was that at both trials all three men had confessed
that on that date they had been on Eurasian soil. They had flown
from a secret airfield in Canada to a rendezvous somewhere in
Siberia, and had conferred with members of the Eurasian General
Staff, to whom they had betrayed important military secrets. The
date had stuck in Winston’s memory because it chanced to be
midsummer day; but the whole story must be on record in
countless other places as well. There was only one possible
conclusion: the confessions were lies.
Of course, this was not in itself a discovery. Even at that time
Winston had not imagined that the people who were wiped out in
the purges had actually committed the crimes that they were
accused of. But this was concrete evidence; it was a fragment of the
abolished past, like a fossil bone which turns up in the wrong
stratum and destroys a geological theory. It was enough to blow the
Party to atoms, if in some way it could have been published to the
world and its significance made known.
He had gone straight on working. As soon as he saw what the
photograph was, and what it meant, he had covered it up with
another sheet of paper. Luckily, when he unrolled it, it had been upside-down from the point of view of the telescreen.
He took his scribbling pad on his knee and pushed back his
chair so as to get as far away from the telescreen as possible. To
keep your face expressionless was not difficult, and even your
breathing could be controlled, with an effort: but you could not
control the beating of your heart, and the telescreen was quite
delicate enough to pick it up. He let what he judged to be ten
minutes go by, tormented all the while by the fear that some
accident — a sudden draught blowing across his desk, for instance
— would betray him. Then, without uncovering it again, he dropped
the photograph into the memory hole, along with some other waste
papers. Within another minute, perhaps, it would have crumbled
into ashes.
That was ten — eleven years ago. Today, probably, he would
have kept that photograph. It was curious that the fact of having
held it in his fingers seemed to him to make a difference even now,
when the photograph itself, as well as the event it recorded, was
only memory. Was the Party’s hold upon the past less strong, he
wondered, because a piece of evidence which existed no longer
HAD ONCE existed?
But today, supposing that it could be somehow resurrected
from its ashes, the photograph might not even be evidence.
Already, at the time when he made his discovery, Oceania was no
longer at war with Eurasia, and it must have been to the agents of
Eastasia that the three dead men had betrayed their country. Since
then there had been other changes — two, three, he could not
remember how many. Very likely the confessions had been
rewritten and rewritten until the original facts and dates no longer
had the smallest significance. The past not only changed, but
changed continuously. What most afflicted him with the sense of nightmare was that he had never clearly understood why the huge
imposture was undertaken. The immediate advantages of falsifying
the past were obvious, but the ultimate motive was mysterious. He
took up his pen again and wrote:

I understand HOW: I do not understand WHY.

He wondered, as he had many times wondered before, whether he
himself was a lunatic. Perhaps a lunatic was simply a minority of
one. At one time it had been a sign of madness to believe that the
earth goes round the sun; today, to believe that the past is
unalterable. He might be ALONE in holding that belief, and if
alone, then a lunatic. But the thought of being a lunatic did not
greatly trouble him: the horror was that he might also be wrong.
He picked up the children’s history book and looked at the
portrait of Big Brother which formed its frontispiece. The hypnotic
eyes gazed into his own. It was as though some huge force were
pressing down upon you — something that penetrated inside your
skull, battering against your brain, frightening you out of your
beliefs, persuading you, almost, to deny the evidence of your
senses. In the end the Party would announce that two and two
made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that
they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their
position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the
very existence of external reality, was tacitly denied by their
philosophy. The heresy of heresies was common sense. And what
was terrifying was not that they would kill you for thinking
otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we
know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity
works? Or that the past is unchangeable? If both the past and the
external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable what then?
But no! His courage seemed suddenly to stiffen of its own
accord. The face of O’Brien, not called up by any obvious
association, had floated into his mind. He knew, with more
certainty than before, that O’Brien was on his side. He was writing
the diary for O’Brien — TO O’Brien: it was like an interminable
letter which no one would ever read, but which was addressed to a
particular person and took its colour from that fact.
The Party told you to reject the evidence of your eyes and ears.
It was their final, most essential command. His heart sank as he
thought of the enormous power arrayed against him, the ease with
which any Party intellectual would overthrow him in debate, the
subtle arguments which he would not be able to understand, much
less answer. And yet he was in the right! They were wrong and he
was right. The obvious, the silly, and the true had got to be
defended. Truisms are true, hold on to that! The solid world exists,
its laws do not change. Stones are hard, water is wet, objects
unsupported fall towards the earth’s centre. With the feeling that
he was speaking to O’Brien, and also that he was setting forth an
important axiom, he wrote:

Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that
is granted, all else follows.

CHAPTER 8

From somewhere at the bottom of a passage the smell ofroasting coffee — real coffee, not Victory Coffee — camefloating out into the street. Winston paused involuntarily.For perhaps two seconds he was back in the half-forgotten world ofhis childhood. Then a door banged, seeming to cut off the smell asabruptly as though it had been a sound.He had walked several kilometres over pavements, and hisvaricose ulcer was throbbing. This was the second time in threeweeks that he had missed an evening at the Community Centre: arash act, since you could be certain that the number of yourattendances at the Centre was carefully checked. In principle aParty member had no spare time, and was never alone except inbed. It was assumed that when he was not working, eating, orsleeping he would be taking part in some kind of communalrecreation: to do anything that suggested a taste for solitude, evento go for a walk by yourself, was always slightly dangerous. Therewas a word for it in Newspeak: OWNLIFE, it was called, meaningindividualism and eccentricity. But this evening as he came out ofthe Ministry the balminess of the April air had tempted him. Thesky was a warmer blue than he had seen it that year, and suddenlythe long, noisy evening at the Centre, the boring, exhaustinggames, the lectures, the creaking camaraderie oiled by gin, hadseemed intolerable. On impulse he had turned away from the busstop and wandered off into the labyrinth of London, first south,then east, then north again, losing himself among unknown streets and hardly bothering in which direction he was going.‘If there is hope,’ he had written in the diary, ‘it lies in theproles.’ The words kept coming back to him, statement of amystical truth and a palpable absurdity. He was somewhere in thevague, brown-coloured slums to the north and east of what hadonce been Saint Pancras Station. He was walking up a cobbledstreet of little two-storey houses with battered doorways whichgave straight on the pavement and which were somehow curiouslysuggestive of ratholes. There were puddles of filthy water here andthere among the cobbles. In and out of the dark doorways, anddown narrow alley-ways that branched off on either side, peopleswarmed in astonishing numbers — girls in full bloom, withcrudely lipsticked mouths, and youths who chased the girls, andswollen waddling women who showed you what the girls would belike in ten years’ time, and old bent creatures shuffling along onsplayed feet, and ragged barefooted children who played in thepuddles and then scattered at angry yells from their mothers.Perhaps a quarter of the windows in the street were broken andboarded up. Most of the people paid no attention to Winston; a feweyed him with a sort of guarded curiosity. Two monstrous womenwith brick-red forearms folded across their aprons were talkingoutside a doorway. Winston caught scraps of conversation as heapproached.‘“Yes,” I says to ’er, “that’s all very well,” I says. “But if you’d ofbeen in my place you’d of done the same as what I done. It’s easyto criticize,” I says, “but you ain’t got the same problems as what Igot.”’‘Ah,’ said the other, ‘that’s jest it. That’s jest where it is.’The strident voices stopped abruptly. The women studied himin hostile silence as he went past. But it was not hostility, exactly; merely a kind of wariness, a momentary stiffening, as at thepassing of some unfamiliar animal. The blue overalls of the Partycould not be a common sight in a street like this. Indeed, it wasunwise to be seen in such places, unless you had definite businessthere. The patrols might stop you if you happened to run intothem. ‘May I see your papers, comrade? What are you doing here?What time did you leave work? Is this your usual way home?’—and so on and so forth. Not that there was any rule against walkinghome by an unusual route: but it was enough to draw attention toyou if the Thought Police heard about it.Suddenly the whole street was in commotion. There were yellsof warning from all sides. People were shooting into the doorwayslike rabbits. A young woman leapt out of a doorway a little ahead ofWinston, grabbed up a tiny child playing in a puddle, whipped herapron round it, and leapt back again, all in one movement. At thesame instant a man in a concertina-like black suit, who hademerged from a side alley, ran towards Winston, pointing excitedlyto the sky.‘Steamer!’ he yelled. ‘Look out, guv’nor! Bang over’ead! Laydown quick!’‘Steamer’ was a nickname which, for some reason, the prolesapplied to rocket bombs. Winston promptly flung himself on hisface. The proles were nearly always right when they gave you awarning of this kind. They seemed to possess some kind of instinctwhich told them several seconds in advance when a rocket wascoming, although the rockets supposedly travelled faster thansound. Winston clasped his forearms above his head. There was aroar that seemed to make the pavement heave; a shower of lightobjects pattered on to his back. When he stood up he found that hewas covered with fragments of glass from the nearest window. He walked on. The bomb had demolished a group of houses200 metres up the street. A black plume of smoke hung in the sky,and below it a cloud of plaster dust in which a crowd was alreadyforming around the ruins. There was a little pile of plaster lying onthe pavement ahead of him, and in the middle of it he could see abright red streak. When he got up to it he saw that it was a humanhand severed at the wrist. Apart from the bloody stump, the handwas so completely whitened as to resemble a plaster cast.He kicked the thing into the gutter, and then, to avoid thecrowd, turned down a side-street to the right. Within three or fourminutes he was out of the area which the bomb had affected, andthe sordid swarming life of the streets was going on as thoughnothing had happened. It was nearly twenty hours, and thedrinking-shops which the proles frequented (‘pubs’, they calledthem) were choked with customers. From their grimy swing doors,endlessly opening and shutting, there came forth a smell of urine,sawdust, and sour beer. In an angle formed by a projecting housefront three men were standing very close together, the middle oneof them holding a folded-up newspaper which the other two werestudying over his shoulder. Even before he was near enough tomake out the expression on their faces, Winston could seeabsorption in every line of their bodies. It was obviously someserious piece of news that they were reading. He was a few pacesaway from them when suddenly the group broke up and two of themen were in violent altercation. For a moment they seemed almoston the point of blows.‘Can’t you bleeding well listen to what I say? I tell you nonumber ending in seven ain’t won for over fourteen months!’‘Yes, it ’as, then!’‘No, it ’as not! Back ’ome I got the ’ole lot of ’em for over two years wrote down on a piece of paper. I takes ’em down reg’lar asthe clock. An’ I tell you, no number ending in seven ——’‘Yes, a seven ‘AS won! I could pretty near tell you the bleedingnumber. Four oh seven, it ended in. It were in February — secondweek in February.’‘February your grandmother! I got it all down in black andwhite. An’ I tell you, no number ——’‘Oh, pack it in!’ said the third man.They were talking about the Lottery. Winston looked backwhen he had gone thirty metres. They were still arguing, with vivid,passionate faces. The Lottery, with its weekly pay-out of enormousprizes, was the one public event to which the proles paid seriousattention. It was probable that there were some millions of prolesfor whom the Lottery was the principal if not the only reason forremaining alive. It was their delight, their folly, their anodyne,their intellectual stimulant. Where the Lottery was concerned,even people who could barely read and write seemed capable ofintricate calculations and staggering feats of memory. There was awhole tribe of men who made a living simply by selling systems,forecasts, and lucky amulets. Winston had nothing to do with therunning of the Lottery, which was managed by the Ministry ofPlenty, but he was aware (indeed everyone in the party was aware)that the prizes were largely imaginary. Only small sums wereactually paid out, the winners of the big prizes being non-existentpersons. In the absence of any real intercommunication betweenone part of Oceania and another, this was not difficult to arrange.But if there was hope, it lay in the proles. You had to cling onto that. When you put it in words it sounded reasonable: it waswhen you looked at the human beings passing you on thepavement that it became an act of faith. The street into which he had turned ran downhill. He had a feeling that he had been in thisneighbourhood before, and that there was a main thoroughfare notfar away. From somewhere ahead there came a din of shoutingvoices. The street took a sharp turn and then ended in a flight ofsteps which led down into a sunken alley where a few stall-keeperswere selling tired-looking vegetables. At this moment Winstonremembered where he was. The alley led out into the main street,and down the next turning, not five minutes away, was the junkshop where he had bought the blank book which was now his diary.And in a small stationer’s shop not far away he had bought hispenholder and his bottle of ink.He paused for a moment at the top of the steps. On theopposite side of the alley there was a dingy little pub whosewindows appeared to be frosted over but in reality were merelycoated with dust. A very old man, bent but active, with whitemoustaches that bristled forward like those of a prawn, pushedopen the swing door and went in. As Winston stood watching, itoccurred to him that the old man, who must be eighty at the least,had already been middle-aged when the Revolution happened. Heand a few others like him were the last links that now existed withthe vanished world of capitalism. In the Party itself there were notmany people left whose ideas had been formed before theRevolution. The older generation had mostly been wiped out in thegreat purges of the fifties and sixties, and the few who survived hadlong ago been terrified into complete intellectual surrender. Ifthere was any one still alive who could give you a truthful accountof conditions in the early part of the century, it could only be aprole. Suddenly the passage from the history book that he hadcopied into his diary came back into Winston’s mind, and a lunaticimpulse took hold of him. He would go into the pub, he would scrape acquaintance with that old man and question him. He wouldsay to him: ‘Tell me about your life when you were a boy. What wasit like in those days? Were things better than they are now, or werethey worse?’Hurriedly, lest he should have time to become frightened, hedescended the steps and crossed the narrow street. It was madnessof course. As usual, there was no definite rule against talking toproles and frequenting their pubs, but it was far too unusual anaction to pass unnoticed. If the patrols appeared he might plead anattack of faintness, but it was not likely that they would believehim. He pushed open the door, and a hideous cheesy smell of sourbeer hit him in the face. As he entered the din of voices dropped toabout half its volume. Behind his back he could feel everyoneeyeing his blue overalls. A game of darts which was going on at theother end of the room interrupted itself for perhaps as much asthirty seconds. The old man whom he had followed was standing atthe bar, having some kind of altercation with the barman, a large,stout, hook-nosed young man with enormous forearms. A knot ofothers, standing round with glasses in their hands, were watchingthe scene.‘I arst you civil enough, didn’t I?’ said the old man,straightening his shoulders pugnaciously. ‘You telling me you ain’tgot a pint mug in the ’ole bleeding boozer?’‘And what in hell’s name IS a pint?’ said the barman, leaningforward with the tips of his fingers on the counter.‘‘Ark at ’im! Calls ’isself a barman and don’t know what a pintis! Why, a pint’s the ’alf of a quart, and there’s four quarts to thegallon. ‘Ave to teach you the A, B, C next.’‘Never heard of ’em,’ said the barman shortly. ‘Litre and halflitre — that’s all we serve. There’s the glasses on the shelf in front of you.’‘I likes a pint,’ persisted the old man. ‘You could ’a drawed meoff a pint easy enough. We didn’t ’ave these bleeding litres when Iwas a young man.’‘When you were a young man we were all living in thetreetops,’ said the barman, with a glance at the other customers.There was a shout of laughter, and the uneasiness caused byWinston’s entry seemed to disappear. The old man’s whitestubbled face had flushed pink. He turned away, muttering tohimself, and bumped into Winston. Winston caught him gently bythe arm.‘May I offer you a drink?’ he said.‘You’re a gent,’ said the other, straightening his shouldersagain. He appeared not to have noticed Winston’s blue overalls.‘Pint!’ he added aggressively to the barman. ‘Pint of wallop.’The barman swished two half-litres of dark-brown beer intothick glasses which he had rinsed in a bucket under the counter.Beer was the only drink you could get in prole pubs. The proleswere supposed not to drink gin, though in practice they could gethold of it easily enough. The game of darts was in full swing again,and the knot of men at the bar had begun talking about lotterytickets. Winston’s presence was forgotten for a moment. There wasa deal table under the window where he and the old man could talkwithout fear of being overheard. It was horribly dangerous, but atany rate there was no telescreen in the room, a point he had madesure of as soon as he came in.‘‘E could ’a drawed me off a pint,’ grumbled the old man as hesettled down behind a glass. ‘A ’alf litre ain’t enough. It don’tsatisfy. And a ’ole litre’s too much. It starts my bladder running.Let alone the price.’ ‘You must have seen great changes since you were a youngman,’ said Winston tentatively.The old man’s pale blue eyes moved from the darts board tothe bar, and from the bar to the door of the Gents, as though itwere in the bar-room that he expected the changes to haveoccurred.‘The beer was better,’ he said finally. ‘And cheaper! When Iwas a young man, mild beer — wallop we used to call it — wasfourpence a pint. That was before the war, of course.’‘Which war was that?’ said Winston.‘It’s all wars,’ said the old man vaguely. He took up his glass,and his shoulders straightened again. ‘‘Ere’s wishing you the verybest of ’ealth!’In his lean throat the sharp-pointed Adam’s apple made asurprisingly rapid up-and-down movement, and the beer vanished.Winston went to the bar and came back with two more half-litres.The old man appeared to have forgotten his prejudice againstdrinking a full litre.‘You are very much older than I am,’ said Winston. ‘You musthave been a grown man before I was born. You can remember whatit was like in the old days, before the Revolution. People of my agedon’t really know anything about those times. We can only readabout them in books, and what it says in the books may not betrue. I should like your opinion on that. The history books say thatlife before the Revolution was completely different from what it isnow. There was the most terrible oppression, injustice, povertyworse than anything we can imagine. Here in London, the greatmass of the people never had enough to eat from birth to death.Half of them hadn’t even boots on their feet. They worked twelvehours a day, they left school at nine, they slept ten in a room. And at the same time there were a very few people, only a fewthousands — the capitalists, they were called — who were rich andpowerful. They owned everything that there was to own. They livedin great gorgeous houses with thirty servants, they rode about inmotor-cars and four-horse carriages, they drank champagne, theywore top hats ——’The old man brightened suddenly.‘Top ’ats!’ he said. ‘Funny you should mention ’em. The samething come into my ’ead only yesterday, I dono why. I was jestthinking, I ain’t seen a top ’at in years. Gorn right out, they ’ave.The last time I wore one was at my sister-in-law’s funeral. And thatwas — well, I couldn’t give you the date, but it must’a been fiftyyears ago. Of course it was only ’ired for the occasion, youunderstand.’‘It isn’t very important about the top hats,’ said Winstonpatiently. ‘The point is, these capitalists — they and a few lawyersand priests and so forth who lived on them — were the lords of theearth. Everything existed for their benefit. You — the ordinarypeople, the workers — were their slaves. They could do what theyliked with you. They could ship you off to Canada like cattle. Theycould sleep with your daughters if they chose. They could order youto be flogged with something called a cat-o’-nine tails. You had totake your cap off when you passed them. Every capitalist wentabout with a gang of lackeys who ——’The old man brightened again.‘Lackeys!’ he said. ‘Now there’s a word I ain’t ’eard since everso long. Lackeys! That reg’lar takes me back, that does. I recollect— oh, donkey’s years ago — I used to sometimes go to ‘Yde Park ofa Sunday afternoon to ’ear the blokes making speeches. SalvationArmy, Roman Catholics, Jews, Indians — all sorts there was. And there was one bloke — well, I couldn’t give you ’is name, but a realpowerful speaker ’e was. ’E didn’t ’alf give it ’em! “Lackeys!” ’e says,“lackeys of the bourgeoisie! Flunkies of the ruling class!” Parasites— that was another of them. And ’yenas —’e definitely called ’em’yenas. Of course ’e was referring to the Labour Party, youunderstand.’Winston had the feeling that they were talking at crosspurposes.‘What I really wanted to know was this,’ he said. ‘Do you feelthat you have more freedom now than you had in those days? Areyou treated more like a human being? In the old days, the richpeople, the people at the top ——’‘The ‘Ouse of Lords,’ put in the old man reminiscently.‘The House of Lords, if you like. What I am asking is, werethese people able to treat you as an inferior, simply because theywere rich and you were poor? Is it a fact, for instance, that you hadto call them “Sir” and take off your cap when you passed them?’The old man appeared to think deeply. He drank off about aquarter of his beer before answering.‘Yes,’ he said. ‘They liked you to touch your cap to ’em. Itshowed respect, like. I didn’t agree with it, myself, but I done itoften enough. Had to, as you might say.’‘And was it usual — I’m only quoting what I’ve read in historybooks — was it usual for these people and their servants to pushyou off the pavement into the gutter?’‘One of ’em pushed me once,’ said the old man. ‘I recollect it asif it was yesterday. It was Boat Race night — terribly rowdy theyused to get on Boat Race night — and I bumps into a young blokeon Shaftesbury Avenue. Quite a gent, ’e was — dress shirt, top ’at, black overcoat. ‘E was kind of zig-zagging across the pavement, andI bumps into ’im accidental-like. ‘E says, “Why can’t you lookwhere you’re going?” ’e says. I say, “Ju think you’ve bought thebleeding pavement?” ‘E says, “I’ll twist your bloody ’ead off if youget fresh with me.” I says, “You’re drunk. I’ll give you in charge in’alf a minute,” I says. An’ if you’ll believe me, ’e puts ’is ’and on mychest and gives me a shove as pretty near sent me under the wheelsof a bus. Well, I was young in them days, and I was going to ’avefetched ’im one, only ——’A sense of helplessness took hold of Winston. The old man’smemory was nothing but a rubbish-heap of details. One couldquestion him all day without getting any real information. Theparty histories might still be true, after a fashion: they might evenbe completely true. He made a last attempt.‘Perhaps I have not made myself clear,’ he said. ‘What I’mtrying to say is this. You have been alive a very long time; you livedhalf your life before the Revolution. In 1925, for instance, you werealready grown up. Would you say from what you can remember,that life in 1925 was better than it is now, or worse? If you couldchoose, would you prefer to live then or now?’The old man looked meditatively at the darts board. Hefinished up his beer, more slowly than before. When he spoke itwas with a tolerant philosophical air, as though the beer hadmellowed him.‘I know what you expect me to say,’ he said. ‘You expect me tosay as I’d sooner be young again. Most people’d say they’d soonerbe young, if you arst ’em. You got your ’ealth and strength whenyou’re young. When you get to my time of life you ain’t never well.I suffer something wicked from my feet, and my bladder’s jestterrible. Six and seven times a night it ’as me out of bed. On the other ’and, there’s great advantages in being a old man. You ain’tgot the same worries. No truck with women, and that’s a greatthing. I ain’t ’ad a woman for near on thirty year, if you’d credit it.Nor wanted to, what’s more.’Winston sat back against the window-sill. It was no use goingon. He was about to buy some more beer when the old mansuddenly got up and shuffled rapidly into the stinking urinal at theside of the room. The extra half-litre was already working on him.Winston sat for a minute or two gazing at his empty glass, andhardly noticed when his feet carried him out into the street again.Within twenty years at the most, he reflected, the huge and simplequestion, ‘Was life better before the Revolution than it is now?’would have ceased once and for all to be answerable. But in effect itwas unanswerable even now, since the few scattered survivorsfrom the ancient world were incapable of comparing one age withanother. They remembered a million useless things, a quarrel witha workmate, a hunt for a lost bicycle pump, the expression on along-dead sister’s face, the swirls of dust on a windy morningseventy years ago: but all the relevant facts were outside the rangeof their vision. They were like the ant, which can see small objectsbut not large ones. And when memory failed and written recordswere falsified — when that happened, the claim of the Party to haveimproved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted,because there did not exist, and never again could exist, anystandard against which it could be tested.At this moment his train of thought stopped abruptly. Hehalted and looked up. He was in a narrow street, with a few darklittle shops, interspersed among dwelling-houses. Immediatelyabove his head there hung three discoloured metal balls whichlooked as if they had once been gilded. He seemed to know the place. Of course! He was standing outside the junk-shop where hehad bought the diary.A twinge of fear went through him. It had been a sufficientlyrash act to buy the book in the beginning, and he had sworn neverto come near the place again. And yet the instant that he allowedhis thoughts to wander, his feet had brought him back here of theirown accord. It was precisely against suicidal impulses of this kindthat he had hoped to guard himself by opening the diary. At thesame time he noticed that although it was nearly twenty-one hoursthe shop was still open. With the feeling that he would be lessconspicuous inside than hanging about on the pavement, hestepped through the doorway. If questioned, he could plausibly saythat he was trying to buy razor blades.The proprietor had just lighted a hanging oil lamp which gaveoff an unclean but friendly smell. He was a man of perhaps sixty,frail and bowed, with a long, benevolent nose, and mild eyesdistorted by thick spectacles. His hair was almost white, but hiseyebrows were bushy and still black. His spectacles, his gentle,fussy movements, and the fact that he was wearing an aged jacketof black velvet, gave him a vague air of intellectuality, as though hehad been some kind of literary man, or perhaps a musician. Hisvoice was soft, as though faded, and his accent less debased thanthat of the majority of proles.‘I recognized you on the pavement,’ he said immediately.‘You’re the gentleman that bought the young lady’s keepsakealbum. That was a beautiful bit of paper, that was. Cream-laid, itused to be called. There’s been no paper like that made for — oh, Idare say fifty years.’ He peered at Winston over the top of hisspectacles. ‘Is there anything special I can do for you? Or did youjust want to look round?’ ‘I was passing,’ said Winston vaguely. ‘I just looked in. I don’twant anything in particular.’‘It’s just as well,’ said the other, ‘because I don’t suppose Icould have satisfied you.’

He made an apologetic gesture with hissoftpalmed hand. ‘You see how it is; an empty shop, you might say.Between you and me, the antique trade’s just about finished. Nodemand any longer, and no stock either. Furniture, china, glass it’sall been broken up by degrees. And of course the metal stuff’smostly been melted down. I haven’t seen a brass candlestick inyears.’The tiny interior of the shop was in fact uncomfortably full,but there was almost nothing in it of the slightest value. Thefloorspace was very restricted, because all round the walls werestacked innumerable dusty picture-frames. In the window therewere trays of nuts and bolts, worn-out chisels, penknives withbroken blades, tarnished watches that did not even pretend to be ingoing order, and other miscellaneous rubbish. Only on a smalltable in the corner was there a litter of odds and ends — lacqueredsnuffboxes, agate brooches, and the like — which looked as thoughthey might include something interesting. As Winston wanderedtowards the table his eye was caught by a round, smooth thing thatgleamed softly in the lamplight, and he picked it up.It was a heavy lump of glass, curved on one side, flat on theother, making almost a hemisphere. There was a peculiar softness,as of rainwater, in both the colour and the texture of the glass. Atthe heart of it, magnified by the curved surface, there was astrange, pink, convoluted object that recalled a rose or a seaanemone.‘What is it?’ said Winston, fascinated.‘That’s coral, that is,’ said the old man. ‘It must have come from the Indian Ocean. They used to kind of embed it in the glass.That wasn’t made less than a hundred years ago. More, by the lookof it.’‘It’s a beautiful thing,’ said Winston.‘It is a beautiful thing,’ said the other appreciatively. ‘Butthere’s not many that’d say so nowadays.’ He coughed. ‘Now, if itso happened that you wanted to buy it, that’d cost you four dollars.I can remember when a thing like that would have fetched eightpounds, and eight pounds was — well, I can’t work it out, but it wasa lot of money. But who cares about genuine antiques nowadays —even the few that’s left?’Winston immediately paid over the four dollars and slid thecoveted thing into his pocket. What appealed to him about it wasnot so much its beauty as the air it seemed to possess of belongingto an age quite different from the present one. The soft, rainwateryglass was not like any glass that he had ever seen. The thing wasdoubly attractive because of its apparent uselessness, though hecould guess that it must once have been intended as a paperweight.It was very heavy in his pocket, but fortunately it did not makemuch of a bulge. It was a queer thing, even a compromising thing,for a Party member to have in his possession. Anything old, and forthat matter anything beautiful, was always vaguely suspect. The oldman had grown noticeably more cheerful after receiving the fourdollars. Winston realized that he would have accepted three oreven two.‘There’s another room upstairs that you might care to take alook at,’ he said. ‘There’s not much in it. Just a few pieces. We’ll dowith a light if we’re going upstairs.’He lit another lamp, and, with bowed back, led the way slowlyup the steep and worn stairs and along a tiny passage, into a room which did not give on the street but looked out on a cobbled yardand a forest of chimney-pots. Winston noticed that the furniturewas still arranged as though the room were meant to be lived in.There was a strip of carpet on the floor, a picture or two on thewalls, and a deep, slatternly arm-chair drawn up to the fireplace. Anold-fashioned glass clock with a twelve-hour face was ticking awayon the mantelpiece. Under the window, and occupying nearly aquarter of the room, was an enormous bed with the mattress stillon it.‘We lived here till my wife died,’ said the old man halfapologetically. ‘I’m selling the furniture off by little and little. Nowthat’s a beautiful mahogany bed, or at least it would be if you couldget the bugs out of it. But I dare say you’d find it a little bitcumbersome.’He was holding the lamp high up, so as to illuminate thewhole room, and in the warm dim light the place looked curiouslyinviting. The thought flitted through Winston’s mind that it wouldprobably be quite easy to rent the room for a few dollars a week, ifhe dared to take the risk. It was a wild, impossible notion, to beabandoned as soon as thought of; but the room had awakened inhim a sort of nostalgia, a sort of ancestral memory. It seemed tohim that he knew exactly what it felt like to sit in a room like this,in an arm-chair beside an open fire with your feet in the fender anda kettle on the hob; utterly alone, utterly secure, with nobodywatching you, no voice pursuing you, no sound except the singingof the kettle and the friendly ticking of the clock.‘There’s no telescreen!’ he could not help murmuring.‘Ah,’ said the old man, ‘I never had one of those things. Tooexpensive. And I never seemed to feel the need of it, somehow.Now that’s a nice gateleg table in the corner there. Though of course you’d have to put new hinges on it if you wanted to use theflaps.’There was a small bookcase in the other corner, and Winstonhad already gravitated towards it. It contained nothing but rubbish.The hunting-down and destruction of books had been done withthe same thoroughness in the prole quarters as everywhere else. Itwas very unlikely that there existed anywhere in Oceania a copy ofa book printed earlier than 1960. The old man, still carrying thelamp, was standing in front of a picture in a rosewood frame whichhung on the other side of the fireplace, opposite the bed.‘Now, if you happen to be interested in old prints at all ——’ hebegan delicately.Winston came across to examine the picture. It was a steelengraving of an oval building with rectangular windows, and asmall tower in front. There was a railing running round thebuilding, and at the rear end there was what appeared to be astatue. Winston gazed at it for some moments. It seemed vaguelyfamiliar, though he did not remember the statue.‘The frame’s fixed to the wall,’ said the old man, ‘but I couldunscrew it for you, I dare say.’‘I know that building,’ said Winston finally. ‘It’s a ruin now.It’s in the middle of the street outside the Palace of Justice.’‘That’s right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in — oh,many years ago. It was a church at one time, St Clement Danes, itsname was.’ He smiled apologetically, as though conscious of sayingsomething slightly ridiculous, and added: ‘Oranges and lemons, saythe bells of St Clement’s!’‘What’s that?’ said Winston.‘Oh —“Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement’s.” That was a rhyme we had when I was a little boy. How it goes on Idon’t remember, but I do know it ended up, “Here comes a candleto light you to bed, Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.” Itwas a kind of a dance. They held out their arms for you to passunder, and when they came to “Here comes a chopper to chop offyour head” they brought their arms down and caught you. It wasjust names of churches. All the London churches were in it — allthe principal ones, that is.’Winston wondered vaguely to what century the churchbelonged. It was always difficult to determine the age of a Londonbuilding. Anything large and impressive, if it was reasonably new inappearance, was automatically claimed as having been built sincethe Revolution, while anything that was obviously of earlier datewas ascribed to some dim period called the Middle Ages. Thecenturies of capitalism were held to have produced nothing of anyvalue. One could not learn history from architecture any more thanone could learn it from books. Statues, inscriptions, memorialstones, the names of streets — anything that might throw lightupon the past had been systematically altered.‘I never knew it had been a church,’ he said.‘There’s a lot of them left, really,’ said the old man, ‘thoughthey’ve been put to other uses. Now, how did that rhyme go? Ah!I’ve got it!

“Oranges and lemons, say the bells of StClement’s,You owe me three farthings, say the bells of StMartin’s ——”

there, now, that’s as far as I can get. A farthing, that was a smallcopper coin, looked something like a cent.’‘Where was St Martin’s?’ said Winston.‘St Martin’s? That’s still standing. It’s in Victory Square,alongside the picture gallery. A building with a kind of a triangularporch and pillars in front, and a big flight of steps.’Winston knew the place well. It was a museum used forpropaganda displays of various kinds — scale models of rocketbombs and Floating Fortresses, waxwork tableaux illustratingenemy atrocities, and the like.‘St Martin’s-in-the-Fields it used to be called,’ supplementedthe old man, ‘though I don’t recollect any fields anywhere in thoseparts.’Winston did not buy the picture. It would have been an evenmore incongruous possession than the glass paperweight, andimpossible to carry home, unless it were taken out of its frame. Buthe lingered for some minutes more, talking to the old man, whosename, he discovered, was not Weeks — as one might have gatheredfrom the inscription over the shop-front — but Charrington. MrCharrington, it seemed, was a widower aged sixty-three and hadinhabited this shop for thirty years. Throughout that time he hadbeen intending to alter the name over the window, but had neverquite got to the point of doing it. All the while that they weretalking the half-remembered rhyme kept running throughWinston’s head. Oranges and lemons say the bells of St Clement’s,You owe me three farthings, say the bells of St Martin’s! It wascurious, but when you said it to yourself you had the illusion ofactually hearing bells, the bells of a lost London that still existedsomewhere or other, disguised and forgotten. From one ghostlysteeple after another he seemed to hear them pealing forth. Yet sofar as he could remember he had never in real life heard churchbells ringing. He got away from Mr Charrington and went down the stairsalone, so as not to let the old man see him reconnoitring the streetbefore stepping out of the door. He had already made up his mindthat after a suitable interval — a month, say — he would take therisk of visiting the shop again. It was perhaps not more dangerousthan shirking an evening at the Centre. The serious piece of follyhad been to come back here in the first place, after buying the diaryand without knowing whether the proprietor of the shop could betrusted. However ——!Yes, he thought again, he would come back. He would buyfurther scraps of beautiful rubbish. He would buy the engraving ofSt Clement Danes, take it out of its frame, and carry it homeconcealed under the jacket of his overalls. He would drag the restof that poem out of Mr Charrington’s memory. Even the lunaticproject of renting the room upstairs flashed momentarily throughhis mind again. For perhaps five seconds exaltation made himcareless, and he stepped out on to the pavement without so muchas a preliminary glance through the window. He had even startedhumming to an improvised tune

Oranges and lemons, say the bells of StClement’s,You owe me three farthings, say the ——

Suddenly his heart seemed to turn to ice and his bowels to water. Afigure in blue overalls was coming down the pavement, not tenmetres away. It was the girl from the Fiction Department, the girlwith dark hair. The light was failing, but there was no difficulty inrecognizing her. She looked him straight in the face, then walkedquickly on as though she had not seen him.For a few seconds Winston was too paralysed to move. Then he turned to the right and walked heavily away, not noticing for themoment that he was going in the wrong direction. At any rate, onequestion was settled. There was no doubting any longer that thegirl was spying on him. She must have followed him here, becauseit was not credible that by pure chance she should have happenedto be walking on the same evening up the same obscure backstreet,kilometres distant from any quarter where Party members lived. Itwas too great a coincidence. Whether she was really an agent of theThought Police, or simply an amateur spy actuated byofficiousness, hardly mattered. It was enough that she waswatching him. Probably she had seen him go into the pub as well.It was an effort to walk. The lump of glass in his pocket bangedagainst his thigh at each step, and he was half minded to take it outand throw it away. The worst thing was the pain in his belly. For acouple of minutes he had the feeling that he would die if he did notreach a lavatory soon. But there would be no public lavatories in aquarter like this. Then the spasm passed, leaving a dull achebehind.The street was a blind alley. Winston halted, stood for severalseconds wondering vaguely what to do, then turned round andbegan to retrace his steps. As he turned it occurred to him that thegirl had only passed him three minutes ago and that by running hecould probably catch up with her. He could keep on her track tillthey were in some quiet place, and then smash her skull in with acobblestone. The piece of glass in his pocket would be heavyenough for the job. But he abandoned the idea immediately,because even the thought of making any physical effort wasunbearable. He could not run, he could not strike a blow. Besides,she was young and lusty and would defend herself. He thought alsoof hurrying to the Community Centre and staying there till the place closed, so as to establish a partial alibi for the evening. Butthat too was impossible. A deadly lassitude had taken hold of him.All he wanted was to get home quickly and then sit down and bequiet.It was after twenty-two hours when he got back to the flat. Thelights would be switched off at the main at twenty-three thirty. Hewent into the kitchen and swallowed nearly a teacupful of VictoryGin. Then he went to the table in the alcove, sat down, and took thediary out of the drawer. But he did not open it at once. From thetelescreen a brassy female voice was squalling a patriotic song. Hesat staring at the marbled cover of the book, trying without successto shut the voice out of his consciousness.It was at night that they came for you, always at night. Theproper thing was to kill yourself before they got you. Undoubtedlysome people did so. Many of the disappearances were actuallysuicides. But it needed desperate courage to kill yourself in a worldwhere firearms, or any quick and certain poison, were completelyunprocurable. He thought with a kind of astonishment of thebiological uselessness of pain and fear, the treachery of the humanbody which always freezes into inertia at exactly the moment whena special effort is needed. He might have silenced the dark-hairedgirl if only he had acted quickly enough: but precisely because ofthe extremity of his danger he had lost the power to act. It struckhim that in moments of crisis one is never fighting against anexternal enemy, but always against one’s own body. Even now, inspite of the gin, the dull ache in his belly made consecutive thoughtimpossible. And it is the same, he perceived, in all seemingly heroicor tragic situations. On the battlefield, in the torture chamber, on asinking ship, the issues that you are fighting for are alwaysforgotten, because the body swells up until it fills the universe, and even when you are not paralysed by fright or screaming with pain,life is a moment-to-moment struggle against hunger or cold orsleeplessness, against a sour stomach or an aching tooth.He opened the diary. It was important to write somethingdown. The woman on the telescreen had started a new song. Hervoice seemed to stick into his brain like jagged splinters of glass.He tried to think of O’Brien, for whom, or to whom, the diary waswritten, but instead he began thinking of the things that wouldhappen to him after the Thought Police took him away. It wouldnot matter if they killed you at once. To be killed was what youexpected. But before death (nobody spoke of such things, yeteverybody knew of them) there was the routine of confession thathad to be gone through: the grovelling on the floor and screamingfor mercy, the crack of broken bones, the smashed teeth andbloody clots of hair.Why did you have to endure it, since the end was always thesame? Why was it not possible to cut a few days or weeks out ofyour life? Nobody ever escaped detection, and nobody ever failed toconfess. When once you had succumbed to thoughtcrime it wascertain that by a given date you would be dead. Why then did thathorror, which altered nothing, have to lie embedded in futuretime?He tried with a little more success than before to summon upthe image of O’Brien. ‘We shall meet in the place where there is nodarkness,’ O’Brien had said to him. He knew what it meant, orthought he knew. The place where there is no darkness was theimagined future, which one would never see, but which, byforeknowledge, one could mystically share in. But with the voicefrom the telescreen nagging at his ears he could not follow thetrain of thought further. He put a cigarette in his mouth. Half the tobacco promptly fell out on to his tongue, a bitter dust which wasdifficult to spit out again. The face of Big Brother swam into hismind, displacing that of O’Brien. Just as he had done a few daysearlier, he slid a coin out of his pocket and looked at it. The facegazed up at him, heavy, calm, protecting: but what kind of smilewas hidden beneath the dark moustache? Like a leaden knell thewords came back at him:

WAR IS PEACE

FREEDOM IS SLAVERY

IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

PART TWO

CHAPTER 1

It was the middle of the morning, and Winston had left the
cubicle to go to the lavatory.
A solitary figure was coming towards him from the other
end of the long, brightly-lit corridor. It was the girl with dark hair.
Four days had gone past since the evening when he had run into
her outside the junk-shop. As she came nearer he saw that her
right arm was in a sling, not noticeable at a distance because it was
of the same colour as her overalls. Probably she had crushed her
hand while swinging round one of the big kaleidoscopes on which
the plots of novels were ‘roughed in’. It was a common accident in
the Fiction Department.
They were perhaps four metres apart when the girl stumbled
and fell almost flat on her face. A sharp cry of pain was wrung out
of her. She must have fallen right on the injured arm. Winston
stopped short. The girl had risen to her knees. Her face had turned
a milky yellow colour against which her mouth stood out redder
than ever. Her eyes were fixed on his, with an appealing expression
that looked more like fear than pain.
A curious emotion stirred in Winston’s heart. In front of him
was an enemy who was trying to kill him: in front of him, also, was
a human creature, in pain and perhaps with a broken bone. Already
he had instinctively started forward to help her. In the moment when he had seen her fall on the bandaged arm, it had been as
though he felt the pain in his own body.
‘You’re hurt?’ he said.
‘It’s nothing. My arm. It’ll be all right in a second.’
She spoke as though her heart were fluttering. She had
certainly turned very pale.
‘You haven’t broken anything?’
‘No, I’m all right. It hurt for a moment, that’s all.’
She held out her free hand to him, and he helped her up. She
had regained some of her colour, and appeared very much better.
‘It’s nothing,’ she repeated shortly. ‘I only gave my wrist a bit
of a bang. Thanks, comrade!’
And with that she walked on in the direction in which she had
been going, as briskly as though it had really been nothing. The
whole incident could not have taken as much as half a minute. Not
to let one’s feelings appear in one’s face was a habit that had
acquired the status of an instinct, and in any case they had been
standing straight in front of a telescreen when the thing happened.
Nevertheless it had been very difficult not to betray a momentary
surprise, for in the two or three seconds while he was helping her
up the girl had slipped something into his hand. There was no
question that she had done it intentionally. It was something small
and flat. As he passed through the lavatory door he transferred it to
his pocket and felt it with the tips of his fingers. It was a scrap of
paper folded into a square.
While he stood at the urinal he managed, with a little more
fingering, to get it unfolded. Obviously there must be a message of
some kind written on it. For a moment he was tempted to take it
into one of the water-closets and read it at once. But that would be shocking folly, as he well knew. There was no place where you
could be more certain that the telescreens were watched
continuously.
He went back to his cubicle, sat down, threw the fragment of
paper casually among the other papers on the desk, put on his
spectacles and hitched the speakwrite towards him. ‘Five minutes,’
he told himself, ‘five minutes at the very least!’ His heart bumped
in his breast with frightening loudness. Fortunately the piece of
work he was engaged on was mere routine, the rectification of a
long list of figures, not needing close attention.
Whatever was written on the paper, it must have some kind of
political meaning. So far as he could see there were two
possibilities. One, much the more likely, was that the girl was an
agent of the Thought Police, just as he had feared. He did not know
why the Thought Police should choose to deliver their messages in
such a fashion, but perhaps they had their reasons. The thing that
was written on the paper might be a threat, a summons, an order to
commit suicide, a trap of some description. But there was another,
wilder possibility that kept raising its head, though he tried vainly
to suppress it. This was, that the message did not come from the
Thought Police at all, but from some kind of underground
organization. Perhaps the Brotherhood existed after all! Perhaps
the girl was part of it! No doubt the idea was absurd, but it had
sprung into his mind in the very instant of feeling the scrap of
paper in his hand. It was not till a couple of minutes later that the
other, more probable explanation had occurred to him. And even
now, though his intellect told him that the message probably
meant death — still, that was not what he believed, and the
unreasonable hope persisted, and his heart banged, and it was with
difficulty that he kept his voice from trembling as he murmured his figures into the speakwrite.
He rolled up the completed bundle of work and slid it into the
pneumatic tube. Eight minutes had gone by. He re-adjusted his
spectacles on his nose, sighed, and drew the next batch of work
towards him, with the scrap of paper on top of it. He flattened it
out. On it was written, in a large unformed handwriting:
I LOVE YOU.
For several seconds he was too stunned even to throw the
incriminating thing into the memory hole. When he did so,
although he knew very well the danger of showing too much
interest, he could not resist reading it once again, just to make sure
that the words were really there.
For the rest of the morning it was very difficult to work. What
was even worse than having to focus his mind on a series of
niggling jobs was the need to conceal his agitation from the
telescreen. He felt as though a fire were burning in his belly. Lunch
in the hot, crowded, noise-filled canteen was torment. He had
hoped to be alone for a little while during the lunch hour, but as
bad luck would have it the imbecile Parsons flopped down beside
him, the tang of his sweat almost defeating the tinny smell of stew,
and kept up a stream of talk about the preparations for Hate Week.
He was particularly enthusiastic about a papier-mache model of
Big Brother’s head, two metres wide, which was being made for the
occasion by his daughter’s troop of Spies. The irritating thing was
that in the racket of voices Winston could hardly hear what
Parsons was saying, and was constantly having to ask for some
fatuous remark to be repeated. Just once he caught a glimpse of
the girl, at a table with two other girls at the far end of the room.
She appeared not to have seen him, and he did not look in that
direction again. The afternoon was more bearable. Immediately after lunch
there arrived a delicate, difficult piece of work which would take
several hours and necessitated putting everything else aside. It
consisted in falsifying a series of production reports of two years
ago, in such a way as to cast discredit on a prominent member of
the Inner Party, who was now under a cloud. This was the kind of
thing that Winston was good at, and for more than two hours he
succeeded in shutting the girl out of his mind altogether. Then the
memory of her face came back, and with it a raging, intolerable
desire to be alone. Until he could be alone it was impossible to
think this new development out. Tonight was one of his nights at
the Community Centre. He wolfed another tasteless meal in the
canteen, hurried off to the Centre, took part in the solemn foolery
of a ‘discussion group’, played two games of table tennis,
swallowed several glasses of gin, and sat for half an hour through a
lecture entitled ‘Ingsoc in relation to chess’. His soul writhed with
boredom, but for once he had had no impulse to shirk his evening
at the Centre. At the sight of the words I LOVE YOU the desire to
stay alive had welled up in him, and the taking of minor risks
suddenly seemed stupid. It was not till twenty-three hours, when
he was home and in bed — in the darkness, where you were safe
even from the telescreen so long as you kept silent — that he was
able to think continuously.
It was a physical problem that had to be solved: how to get in
touch with the girl and arrange a meeting. He did not consider any
longer the possibility that she might be laying some kind of trap for
him. He knew that it was not so, because of her unmistakable
agitation when she handed him the note. Obviously she had been
frightened out of her wits, as well she might be. Nor did the idea of
refusing her advances even cross his mind. Only five nights ago he had contemplated smashing her skull in with a cobblestone, but
that was of no importance. He thought of her naked, youthful body,
as he had seen it in his dream. He had imagined her a fool like all
the rest of them, her head stuffed with lies and hatred, her belly
full of ice. A kind of fever seized him at the thought that he might
lose her, the white youthful body might slip away from him! What
he feared more than anything else was that she would simply
change her mind if he did not get in touch with her quickly. But the
physical difficulty of meeting was enormous. It was like trying to
make a move at chess when you were already mated. Whichever
way you turned, the telescreen faced you. Actually, all the possible
ways of communicating with her had occurred to him within five
minutes of reading the note; but now, with time to think, he went
over them one by one, as though laying out a row of instruments
on a table.
Obviously the kind of encounter that had happened this
morning could not be repeated. If she had worked in the Records
Department it might have been comparatively simple, but he had
only a very dim idea whereabouts in the building the Fiction
Department lay, and he had no pretext for going there. If he had
known where she lived, and at what time she left work, he could
have contrived to meet her somewhere on her way home; but to try
to follow her home was not safe, because it would mean loitering
about outside the Ministry, which was bound to be noticed. As for
sending a letter through the mails, it was out of the question. By a
routine that was not even secret, all letters were opened in transit.
Actually, few people ever wrote letters. For the messages that it
was occasionally necessary to send, there were printed postcards
with long lists of phrases, and you struck out the ones that were
inapplicable. In any case he did not know the girl’s name, let alone her address. Finally he decided that the safest place was the
canteen. If he could get her at a table by herself, somewhere in the
middle of the room, not too near the telescreens, and with a
sufficient buzz of conversation all round — if these conditions
endured for, say, thirty seconds, it might be possible to exchange a
few words.
For a week after this, life was like a restless dream. On the
next day she did not appear in the canteen until he was leaving it,
the whistle having already blown. Presumably she had been
changed on to a later shift. They passed each other without a
glance. On the day after that she was in the canteen at the usual
time, but with three other girls and immediately under a
telescreen. Then for three dreadful days she did not appear at all.
His whole mind and body seemed to be afflicted with an
unbearable sensitivity, a sort of transparency, which made every
movement, every sound, every contact, every word that he had to
speak or listen to, an agony. Even in sleep he could not altogether
escape from her image. He did not touch the diary during those
days. If there was any relief, it was in his work, in which he could
sometimes forget himself for ten minutes at a stretch. He had
absolutely no clue as to what had happened to her. There was no
enquiry he could make. She might have been vaporized, she might
have committed suicide, she might have been transferred to the
other end of Oceania: worst and likeliest of all, she might simply
have changed her mind and decided to avoid him.
The next day she reappeared. Her arm was out of the sling and
she had a band of sticking-plaster round her wrist. The relief of
seeing her was so great that he could not resist staring directly at
her for several seconds. On the following day he very nearly
succeeded in speaking to her. When he came into the canteen she was sitting at a table well out from the wall, and was quite alone. It
was early, and the place was not very full. The queue edged forward
till Winston was almost at the counter, then was held up for two
minutes because someone in front was complaining that he had
not received his tablet of saccharine. But the girl was still alone
when Winston secured his tray and began to make for her table. He
walked casually towards her, his eyes searching for a place at some
table beyond her. She was perhaps three metres away from him.
Another two seconds would do it. Then a voice behind him called,
‘Smith!’ He pretended not to hear. ‘Smith!’ repeated the voice,
more loudly. It was no use. He turned round. A blond-headed, sillyfaced young man named Wilsher, whom he barely knew, was
inviting him with a smile to a vacant place at his table. It was not
safe to refuse. After having been recognized, he could not go and sit
at a table with an unattended girl. It was too noticeable. He sat
down with a friendly smile. The silly blond face beamed into his.
Winston had a hallucination of himself smashing a pick-axe right
into the middle of it. The girl’s table filled up a few minutes later.
But she must have seen him coming towards her, and perhaps
she would take the hint. Next day he took care to arrive early.
Surely enough, she was at a table in about the same place, and
again alone. The person immediately ahead of him in the queue
was a small, swiftly-moving, beetle-like man with a flat face and
tiny, suspicious eyes. As Winston turned away from the counter
with his tray, he saw that the little man was making straight for the
girl’s table. His hopes sank again. There was a vacant place at a
table further away, but something in the little man’s appearance
suggested that he would be sufficiently attentive to his own
comfort to choose the emptiest table. With ice at his heart Winston
followed. It was no use unless he could get the girl alone. At this moment there was a tremendous crash. The little man was
sprawling on all fours, his tray had gone flying, two streams of
soup and coffee were flowing across the floor. He started to his feet
with a malignant glance at Winston, whom he evidently suspected
of having tripped him up. But it was all right. Five seconds later,
with a thundering heart, Winston was sitting at the girl’s table.
He did not look at her. He unpacked his tray and promptly
began eating. It was all-important to speak at once, before anyone
else came, but now a terrible fear had taken possession of him. A
week had gone by since she had first approached him. She would
have changed her mind, she must have changed her mind! It was
impossible that this affair should end successfully; such things did
not happen in real life. He might have flinched altogether from
speaking if at this moment he had not seen Ampleforth, the hairyeared poet, wandering limply round the room with a tray, looking
for a place to sit down. In his vague way Ampleforth was attached
to Winston, and would certainly sit down at his table if he caught
sight of him. There was perhaps a minute in which to act. Both
Winston and the girl were eating steadily. The stuff they were
eating was a thin stew, actually a soup, of haricot beans. In a low
murmur Winston began speaking. Neither of them looked up;
steadily they spooned the watery stuff into their mouths, and
between spoonfuls exchanged the few necessary words in low
expressionless voices.
‘What time do you leave work?’
‘Eighteen-thirty.’
‘Where can we meet?’
‘Victory Square, near the monument.’
‘It’s full of telescreens.’
‘It doesn’t matter if there’s a crowd.’

‘Any signal?’
‘No. Don’t come up to me until you see me among a lot of
people. And don’t look at me. Just keep somewhere near me.’
‘What time?’
‘Nineteen hours.’
‘All right.’
Ampleforth failed to see Winston and sat down at another
table. They did not speak again, and, so far as it was possible for
two people sitting on opposite sides of the same table, they did not
look at one another. The girl finished her lunch quickly and made
off, while Winston stayed to smoke a cigarette.
Winston was in Victory Square before the appointed time. He
wandered round the base of the enormous fluted column, at the
top of which Big Brother’s statue gazed southward towards the
skies where he had vanquished the Eurasian aeroplanes (the
Eastasian aeroplanes, it had been, a few years ago) in the Battle of
Airstrip One. In the street in front of it there was a statue of a man
on horseback which was supposed to represent Oliver Cromwell. At
five minutes past the hour the girl had still not appeared. Again the
terrible fear seized upon Winston. She was not coming, she had
changed her mind! He walked slowly up to the north side of the
square and got a sort of pale-coloured pleasure from identifying St
Martin’s Church, whose bells, when it had bells, had chimed ‘You
owe me three farthings.’ Then he saw the girl standing at the base
of the monument, reading or pretending to read a poster which ran
spirally up the column. It was not safe to go near her until some
more people had accumulated. There were telescreens all round
the pediment. But at this moment there was a din of shouting and
a zoom of heavy vehicles from somewhere to the left. Suddenly
everyone seemed to be running across the square. The girl nipped nimbly round the lions at the base of the monument and joined in
the rush. Winston followed. As he ran, he gathered from some
shouted remarks that a convoy of Eurasian prisoners was passing.
Already a dense mass of people was blocking the south side of
the square. Winston, at normal times the kind of person who
gravitates to the outer edge of any kind of scrimmage, shoved,
butted, squirmed his way forward into the heart of the crowd. Soon
he was within arm’s length of the girl, but the way was blocked by
an enormous prole and an almost equally enormous woman,
presumably his wife, who seemed to form an impenetrable wall of
flesh. Winston wriggled himself sideways, and with a violent lunge
managed to drive his shoulder between them. For a moment it felt
as though his entrails were being ground to pulp between the two
muscular hips, then he had broken through, sweating a little. He
was next to the girl. They were shoulder to shoulder, both staring
fixedly in front of them.
A long line of trucks, with wooden-faced guards armed with
sub-machine guns standing upright in each corner, was passing
slowly down the street. In the trucks little yellow men in shabby
greenish uniforms were squatting, jammed close together. Their
sad, Mongolian faces gazed out over the sides of the trucks utterly
incurious. Occasionally when a truck jolted there was a clank-clank
of metal: all the prisoners were wearing leg-irons. Truck-load after
truck-load of the sad faces passed. Winston knew they were there
but he saw them only intermittently. The girl’s shoulder, and her
arm right down to the elbow, were pressed against his. Her cheek
was almost near enough for him to feel its warmth. She had
immediately taken charge of the situation, just as she had done in
the canteen. She began speaking in the same expressionless voice
as before, with lips barely moving, a mere murmur easily drowned by the din of voices and the rumbling of the trucks.
‘Can you hear me?’
‘Yes.’
‘Can you get Sunday afternoon off?’
‘Yes.’
‘Then listen carefully. You’ll have to remember this. Go to
Paddington Station ——’
With a sort of military precision that astonished him, she
outlined the route that he was to follow. A half-hour railway
journey; turn left outside the station; two kilometres along the
road; a gate with the top bar missing; a path across a field; a grassgrown lane; a track between bushes; a dead tree with moss on it. It
was as though she had a map inside her head. ‘Can you remember
all that?’ she murmured finally.
‘Yes.’
‘You turn left, then right, then left again. And the gate’s got no
top bar.’
‘Yes. What time?’
‘About fifteen. You may have to wait. I’ll get there by another
way. Are you sure you remember everything?’
‘Yes.’
‘Then get away from me as quick as you can.’
She need not have told him that. But for the moment they
could not extricate themselves from the crowd. The trucks were
still filing past, the people still insatiably gaping. At the start there
had been a few boos and hisses, but it came only from the Party
members among the crowd, and had soon stopped. The prevailing
emotion was simply curiosity. Foreigners, whether from Eurasia or
from Eastasia, were a kind of strange animal. One literally never saw them except in the guise of prisoners, and even as prisoners
one never got more than a momentary glimpse of them. Nor did
one know what became of them, apart from the few who were
hanged as war-criminals: the others simply vanished, presumably
into forced-labour camps. The round Mogol faces had given way to
faces of a more European type, dirty, bearded and exhausted. From
over scrubby cheekbones eyes looked into Winston’s, sometimes
with strange intensity, and flashed away again. The convoy was
drawing to an end. In the last truck he could see an aged man, his
face a mass of grizzled hair, standing upright with wrists crossed in
front of him, as though he were used to having them bound
together. It was almost time for Winston and the girl to part. But at
the last moment, while the crowd still hemmed them in, her hand
felt for his and gave it a fleeting squeeze.
It could not have been ten seconds, and yet it seemed a long
time that their hands were clasped together. He had time to learn
every detail of her hand. He explored the long fingers, the shapely
nails, the work-hardened palm with its row of callouses, the
smooth flesh under the wrist. Merely from feeling it he would have
known it by sight. In the same instant it occurred to him that he
did not know what colour the girl’s eyes were. They were probably
brown, but people with dark hair sometimes had blue eyes. To turn
his head and look at her would have been inconceivable folly. With
hands locked together, invisible among the press of bodies, they
stared steadily in front of them, and instead of the eyes of the girl,
the eyes of the aged prisoner gazed mournfully at Winston out of
nests of hair.

CHAPTER 2

Winston picked his way up the lane through dappled light
and shade, stepping out into pools of gold wherever the
boughs parted. Under the trees to the left of him the
ground was misty with bluebells. The air seemed to kiss one’s skin.
It was the second of May. From somewhere deeper in the heart of
the wood came the droning of ring-doves.
He was a bit early. There had been no difficulties about the
journey, and the girl was so evidently experienced that he was less
frightened than he would normally have been. Presumably she
could be trusted to find a safe place. In general you could not
assume that you were much safer in the country than in London.
There were no telescreens, of course, but there was always the
danger of concealed microphones by which your voice might be
picked up and recognized; besides, it was not easy to make a
journey by yourself without attracting attention. For distances of
less than 100 kilometres it was not necessary to get your passport
endorsed, but sometimes there were patrols hanging about the
railway stations, who examined the papers of any Party member
they found there and asked awkward questions. However, no
patrols had appeared, and on the walk from the station he had
made sure by cautious backward glances that he was not being
followed. The train was full of proles, in holiday mood because of
the summery weather. The wooden-seated carriage in which he
travelled was filled to overflowing by a single enormous family,
ranging from a toothless great-grandmother to a month-old baby, going out to spend an afternoon with ‘in-laws’ in the country, and,
as they freely explained to Winston, to get hold of a little blackmarket butter.
The lane widened, and in a minute he came to the footpath she
had told him of, a mere cattle-track which plunged between the
bushes. He had no watch, but it could not be fifteen yet. The
bluebells were so thick underfoot that it was impossible not to
tread on them. He knelt down and began picking some partly to
pass the time away, but also from a vague idea that he would like to
have a bunch of flowers to offer to the girl when they met. He had
got together a big bunch and was smelling their faint sickly scent
when a sound at his back froze him, the unmistakable crackle of a
foot on twigs. He went on picking bluebells. It was the best thing to
do. It might be the girl, or he might have been followed after all. To
look round was to show guilt. He picked another and another. A
hand fell lightly on his shoulder.
He looked up. It was the girl. She shook her head, evidently as
a warning that he must keep silent, then parted the bushes and
quickly led the way along the narrow track into the wood.
Obviously she had been that way before, for she dodged the boggy
bits as though by habit. Winston followed, still clasping his bunch
of flowers. His first feeling was relief, but as he watched the strong
slender body moving in front of him, with the scarlet sash that was
just tight enough to bring out the curve of her hips, the sense of his
own inferiority was heavy upon him. Even now it seemed quite
likely that when she turned round and looked at him she would
draw back after all. The sweetness of the air and the greenness of
the leaves daunted him. Already on the walk from the station the
May sunshine had made him feel dirty and etiolated, a creature of
indoors, with the sooty dust of London in the pores of his skin. It occurred to him that till now she had probably never seen him in
broad daylight in the open. They came to the fallen tree that she
had spoken of. The girl hopped over and forced apart the bushes, in
which there did not seem to be an opening. When Winston
followed her, he found that they were in a natural clearing, a tiny
grassy knoll surrounded by tall saplings that shut it in completely.
The girl stopped and turned.
‘Here we are,’ she said.
He was facing her at several paces’ distance. As yet he did not
dare move nearer to her.
‘I didn’t want to say anything in the lane,’ she went on, ‘in case
there’s a mike hidden there. I don’t suppose there is, but there
could be. There’s always the chance of one of those swine
recognizing your voice. We’re all right here.’
He still had not the courage to approach her. ‘We’re all right
here?’ he repeated stupidly.
‘Yes. Look at the trees.’ They were small ashes, which at some
time had been cut down and had sprouted up again into a forest of
poles, none of them thicker than one’s wrist. ‘There’s nothing big
enough to hide a mike in. Besides, I’ve been here before.’
They were only making conversation. He had managed to
move closer to her now. She stood before him very upright, with a
smile on her face that looked faintly ironical, as though she were
wondering why he was so slow to act. The bluebells had cascaded
on to the ground. They seemed to have fallen of their own accord.
He took her hand.
‘Would you believe,’ he said, ‘that till this moment I didn’t
know what colour your eyes were?’ They were brown, he noted, a
rather light shade of brown, with dark lashes. ‘Now that you’ve
seen what I’m really like, can you still bear to look at me?’ ‘Yes, easily.’
‘I’m thirty-nine years old. I’ve got a wife that I can’t get rid of.
I’ve got varicose veins. I’ve got five false teeth.’
‘I couldn’t care less,’ said the girl.
The next moment, it was hard to say by whose act, she was in
his his arms. At the beginning he had no feeling except sheer
incredulity. The youthful body was strained against his own, the
mass of dark hair was against his face, and yes! actually she had
turned her face up and he was kissing the wide red mouth. She had
clasped her arms about his neck, she was calling him darling,
precious one, loved one. He had pulled her down on to the ground,
she was utterly unresisting, he could do what he liked with her. But
the truth was that he had no physical sensation, except that of
mere contact. All he felt was incredulity and pride. He was glad that
this was happening, but he had no physical desire. It was too soon,
her youth and prettiness had frightened him, he was too much
used to living without women — he did not know the reason. The
girl picked herself up and pulled a bluebell out of her hair. She sat
against him, putting her arm round his waist.
‘Never mind, dear. There’s no hurry. We’ve got the whole
afternoon. Isn’t this a splendid hide-out? I found it when I got lost
once on a community hike. If anyone was coming you could hear
them a hundred metres away.’
‘What is your name?’ said Winston.
‘Julia. I know yours. It’s Winston — Winston Smith.’
‘How did you find that out?’
‘I expect I’m better at finding things out than you are, dear.
Tell me, what did you think of me before that day I gave you the
note?’ He did not feel any temptation to tell lies to her. It was even a
sort of love-offering to start off by telling the worst.
‘I hated the sight of you,’ he said. ‘I wanted to rape you and
then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of
smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to
know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought
Police.’
The girl laughed delightedly, evidently taking this as a tribute
to the excellence of her disguise.
‘Not the Thought Police! You didn’t honestly think that?’
‘Well, perhaps not exactly that. But from your general
appearance — merely because you’re young and fresh and healthy,
you understand — I thought that probably ——’
‘You thought I was a good Party member. Pure in word and
deed. Banners, processions, slogans, games, community hikes all
that stuff. And you thought that if I had a quarter of a chance I’d
denounce you as a thought-criminal and get you killed off?’
‘Yes, something of that kind. A great many young girls are like
that, you know.’
‘It’s this bloody thing that does it,’ she said, ripping off the
scarlet sash of the Junior Anti-Sex League and flinging it on to a
bough. Then, as though touching her waist had reminded her of
something, she felt in the pocket of her overalls and produced a
small slab of chocolate. She broke it in half and gave one of the
pieces to Winston. Even before he had taken it he knew by the
smell that it was very unusual chocolate. It was dark and shiny, and
was wrapped in silver paper. Chocolate normally was dull-brown
crumbly stuff that tasted, as nearly as one could describe it, like the
smoke of a rubbish fire. But at some time or another he had tasted
chocolate like the piece she had given him. The first whiff of its scent had stirred up some memory which he could not pin down,
but which was powerful and troubling.
‘Where did you get this stuff?’ he said.
‘Black market,’ she said indifferently. ‘Actually I am that sort
of girl, to look at. I’m good at games. I was a troop-leader in the
Spies. I do voluntary work three evenings a week for the Junior
Anti-Sex League. Hours and hours I’ve spent pasting their bloody
rot all over London. I always carry one end of a banner in the
processions. I always look cheerful and I never shirk anything.
Always yell with the crowd, that’s what I say. It’s the only way to be
safe.’
The first fragment of chocolate had melted on Winston’s
tongue. The taste was delightful. But there was still that memory
moving round the edges of his consciousness, something strongly
felt but not reducible to definite shape, like an object seen out of
the corner of one’s eye. He pushed it away from him, aware only
that it was the memory of some action which he would have liked
to undo but could not.
‘You are very young,’ he said. ‘You are ten or fifteen years
younger than I am. What could you see to attract you in a man like
me?’
‘It was something in your face. I thought I’d take a chance. I’m
good at spotting people who don’t belong. As soon as I saw you I
knew you were against THEM.’
THEM, it appeared, meant the Party, and above all the Inner
Party, about whom she talked with an open jeering hatred which
made Winston feel uneasy, although he knew that they were safe
here if they could be safe anywhere. A thing that astonished him
about her was the coarseness of her language. Party members were
supposed not to swear, and Winston himself very seldom did swear, aloud, at any rate. Julia, however, seemed unable to
mention the Party, and especially the Inner Party, without using
the kind of words that you saw chalked up in dripping alley-ways.
He did not dislike it. It was merely one symptom of her revolt
against the Party and all its ways, and somehow it seemed natural
and healthy, like the sneeze of a horse that smells bad hay. They
had left the clearing and were wandering again through the
chequered shade, with their arms round each other’s waists
whenever it was wide enough to walk two abreast. He noticed how
much softer her waist seemed to feel now that the sash was gone.
They did not speak above a whisper. Outside the clearing, Julia
said, it was better to go quietly. Presently they had reached the
edge of the little wood. She stopped him.
‘Don’t go out into the open. There might be someone
watching. We’re all right if we keep behind the boughs.’
They were standing in the shade of hazel bushes. The sunlight,
filtering through innumerable leaves, was still hot on their faces.
Winston looked out into the field beyond, and underwent a
curious, slow shock of recognition. He knew it by sight. An old,
close-bitten pasture, with a footpath wandering across it and a
molehill here and there. In the ragged hedge on the opposite side
the boughs of the elm trees swayed just perceptibly in the breeze,
and their leaves stirred faintly in dense masses like women’s hair.
Surely somewhere nearby, but out of sight, there must be a stream
with green pools where dace were swimming?
‘Isn’t there a stream somewhere near here?’ he whispered.
‘That’s right, there is a stream. It’s at the edge of the next field,
actually. There are fish in it, great big ones. You can watch them
lying in the pools under the willow trees, waving their tails.’
‘It’s the Golden Country — almost,’ he murmured ‘The Golden Country?’
‘It’s nothing, really. A landscape I’ve seen sometimes in a
dream.’
‘Look!’ whispered Julia.
A thrush had alighted on a bough not five metres away, almost
at the level of their faces. Perhaps it had not seen them. It was in
the sun, they in the shade. It spread out its wings, fitted them
carefully into place again, ducked its head for a moment, as though
making a sort of obeisance to the sun, and then began to pour forth
a torrent of song. In the afternoon hush the volume of sound was
startling. Winston and Julia clung together, fascinated. The music
went on and on, minute after minute, with astonishing variations,
never once repeating itself, almost as though the bird were
deliberately showing off its virtuosity. Sometimes it stopped for a
few seconds, spread out and resettled its wings, then swelled its
speckled breast and again burst into song. Winston watched it with
a sort of vague reverence. For whom, for what, was that bird
singing? No mate, no rival was watching it. What made it sit at the
edge of the lonely wood and pour its music into nothingness? He
wondered whether after all there was a microphone hidden
somewhere near. He and Julia had spoken only in low whispers,
and it would not pick up what they had said, but it would pick up
the thrush. Perhaps at the other end of the instrument some small,
beetle-like man was listening intently — listening to that. But by
degrees the flood of music drove all speculations out of his mind. It
was as though it were a kind of liquid stuff that poured all over him
and got mixed up with the sunlight that filtered through the leaves.
He stopped thinking and merely felt. The girl’s waist in the bend of
his arm was soft and warm. He pulled her round so that they were
breast to breast; her body seemed to melt into his. Wherever his hands moved it was all as yielding as water. Their mouths clung
together; it was quite different from the hard kisses they had
exchanged earlier. When they moved their faces apart again both of
them sighed deeply. The bird took fright and fled with a clatter of
wings.
Winston put his lips against her ear. ‘NOW,’ he whispered.
‘Not here,’ she whispered back. ‘Come back to the hide-out. It’s
safer.’
Quickly, with an occasional crackle of twigs, they threaded
their way back to the clearing. When they were once inside the ring
of saplings she turned and faced him. They were both breathing
fast, but the smile had reappeared round the corners of her mouth.
She stood looking at him for an instant, then felt at the zipper of
her overalls. And, yes! it was almost as in his dream. Almost as
swiftly as he had imagined it, she had torn her clothes off, and
when she flung them aside it was with that same magnificent
gesture by which a whole civilization seemed to be annihilated. Her
body gleamed white in the sun. But for a moment he did not look
at her body; his eyes were anchored by the freckled face with its
faint, bold smile. He knelt down before her and took her hands in
his.
‘Have you done this before?’
‘Of course. Hundreds of times — well, scores of times,
anyway.’
‘With Party members?’
‘Yes, always with Party members.’
‘With members of the Inner Party?’
‘Not with those swine, no. But there’s plenty that WOULD if
they got half a chance. They’re not so holy as they make out.’ His heart leapt. Scores of times she had done it: he wished it
had been hundreds — thousands. Anything that hinted at
corruption always filled him with a wild hope. Who knew, perhaps
the Party was rotten under the surface, its cult of strenuousness
and self-denial simply a sham concealing iniquity. If he could have
infected the whole lot of them with leprosy or syphilis, how gladly
he would have done so! Anything to rot, to weaken, to undermine!
He pulled her down so that they were kneeling face to face.
‘Listen. The more men you’ve had, the more I love you. Do you
understand that?’
‘Yes, perfectly.’
‘I hate purity, I hate goodness! I don’t want any virtue to exist
anywhere. I want everyone to be corrupt to the bones.’
‘Well then, I ought to suit you, dear. I’m corrupt to the bones.’
‘You like doing this? I don’t mean simply me: I mean the thing
in itself?’
‘I adore it.’
That was above all what he wanted to hear. Not merely the
love of one person but the animal instinct, the simple
undifferentiated desire: that was the force that would tear the Party
to pieces. He pressed her down upon the grass, among the fallen
bluebells. This time there was no difficulty. Presently the rising
and falling of their breasts slowed to normal speed, and in a sort of
pleasant helplessness they fell apart. The sun seemed to have
grown hotter. They were both sleepy. He reached out for the
discarded overalls and pulled them partly over her. Almost
immediately they fell asleep and slept for about half an hour.
Winston woke first. He sat up and watched the freckled face,
still peacefully asleep, pillowed on the palm of her hand. Except for her mouth, you could not call her beautiful. There was a line or two
round the eyes, if you looked closely. The short dark hair was
extraordinarily thick and soft. It occurred to him that he still did
not know her surname or where she lived.
The young, strong body, now helpless in sleep, awoke in him a
pitying, protecting feeling. But the mindless tenderness that he had
felt under the hazel tree, while the thrush was singing, had not
quite come back. He pulled the overalls aside and studied her
smooth white flank. In the old days, he thought, a man looked at a
girl’s body and saw that it was desirable, and that was the end of
the story. But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays.
No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear
and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory. It
was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act.

CHAPTER 3

‘We can come here once again,’ said Julia. ‘It’s generally
safe to use any hide-out twice. But not for another
month or two, of course.’
As soon as she woke up her demeanour had changed. She
became alert and business-like, put her clothes on, knotted the
scarlet sash about her waist, and began arranging the details of the
journey home. It seemed natural to leave this to her. She obviously
had a practical cunning which Winston lacked, and she seemed
also to have an exhaustive knowledge of the countryside round
London, stored away from innumerable community hikes. The
route she gave him was quite different from the one by which he
had come, and brought him out at a different railway station.
‘Never go home the same way as you went out,’ she said, as though
enunciating an important general principle. She would leave first,
and Winston was to wait half an hour before following her.
She had named a place where they could meet after work, four
evenings hence. It was a street in one of the poorer quarters, where
there was an open market which was generally crowded and noisy.
She would be hanging about among the stalls, pretending to be in
search of shoelaces or sewing-thread. If she judged that the coast
was clear she would blow her nose when he approached; otherwise
he was to walk past her without recognition. But with luck, in the
middle of the crowd, it would be safe to talk for a quarter of an
hour and arrange another meeting.
‘And now I must go,’ she said as soon as he had mastered his instructions. ‘I’m due back at nineteen-thirty. I’ve got to put in two
hours for the Junior Anti-Sex League, handing out leaflets, or
something. Isn’t it bloody? Give me a brush-down, would you?
Have I got any twigs in my hair? Are you sure? Then good-bye, my
love, good-bye!’
She flung herself into his arms, kissed him almost violently,
and a moment later pushed her way through the saplings and
disappeared into the wood with very little noise. Even now he had
not found out her surname or her address. However, it made no
difference, for it was inconceivable that they could ever meet
indoors or exchange any kind of written communication.
As it happened, they never went back to the clearing in the
wood. During the month of May there was only one further
occasion on which they actually succeeded in making love. That
was in another hiding-place known to Julia, the belfry of a ruinous
church in an almost-deserted stretch of country where an atomic
bomb had fallen thirty years earlier. It was a good hiding-place
when once you got there, but the getting there was very dangerous.
For the rest they could meet only in the streets, in a different place
every evening and never for more than half an hour at a time. In
the street it was usually possible to talk, after a fashion. As they
drifted down the crowded pavements, not quite abreast and never
looking at one another, they carried on a curious, intermittent
conversation which flicked on and off like the beams of a
lighthouse, suddenly nipped into silence by the approach of a Party
uniform or the proximity of a telescreen, then taken up again
minutes later in the middle of a sentence, then abruptly cut short
as they parted at the agreed spot, then continued almost without
introduction on the following day. Julia appeared to be quite used
to this kind of conversation, which she called ‘talking by instalments’. She was also surprisingly adept at speaking without
moving her lips. Just once in almost a month of nightly meetings
they managed to exchange a kiss. They were passing in silence
down a side-street (Julia would never speak when they were away
from the main streets) when there was a deafening roar, the earth
heaved, and the air darkened, and Winston found himself lying on
his side, bruised and terrified. A rocket bomb must have dropped
quite near at hand. Suddenly he became aware of Julia’s face a few
centimetres from his own, deathly white, as white as chalk. Even
her lips were white. She was dead! He clasped her against him and
found that he was kissing a live warm face. But there was some
powdery stuff that got in the way of his lips. Both of their faces
were thickly coated with plaster.
There were evenings when they reached their rendezvous and
then had to walk past one another without a sign, because a patrol
had just come round the corner or a helicopter was hovering
overhead. Even if it had been less dangerous, it would still have
been difficult to find time to meet. Winston’s working week was
sixty hours, Julia’s was even longer, and their free days varied
according to the pressure of work and did not often coincide. Julia,
in any case, seldom had an evening completely free. She spent an
astonishing amount of time in attending lectures and
demonstrations, distributing literature for the junior Anti-Sex
League, preparing banners for Hate Week, making collections for
the savings campaign, and such-like activities. It paid, she said, it
was camouflage. If you kept the small rules, you could break the
big ones. She even induced Winston to mortgage yet another of his
evenings by enrolling himself for the part-time munition work
which was done voluntarily by zealous Party members. So, one
evening every week, Winston spent four hours of paralysing boredom, screwing together small bits of metal which were
probably parts of bomb fuses, in a draughty, ill-lit workshop where
the knocking of hammers mingled drearily with the music of the
telescreens.
When they met in the church tower the gaps in their
fragmentary conversation were filled up. It was a blazing
afternoon. The air in the little square chamber above the bells was
hot and stagnant, and smelt overpoweringly of pigeon dung. They
sat talking for hours on the dusty, twig-littered floor, one or other
of them getting up from time to time to cast a glance through the
arrowslits and make sure that no one was coming.
Julia was twenty-six years old. She lived in a hostel with thirty
other girls (‘Always in the stink of women! How I hate women!’
she said parenthetically), and she worked, as he had guessed, on
the novel-writing machines in the Fiction Department. She enjoyed
her work, which consisted chiefly in running and servicing a
powerful but tricky electric motor. She was ‘not clever’, but was
fond of using her hands and felt at home with machinery. She
could describe the whole process of composing a novel, from the
general directive issued by the Planning Committee down to the
final touching-up by the Rewrite Squad. But she was not interested
in the finished product. She ‘didn’t much care for reading,’ she said.
Books were just a commodity that had to be produced, like jam or
bootlaces.
She had no memories of anything before the early sixties and
the only person she had ever known who talked frequently of the
days before the Revolution was a grandfather who had disappeared
when she was eight. At school she had been captain of the hockey
team and had won the gymnastics trophy two years running. She
had been a troop-leader in the Spies and a branch secretary in the Youth League before joining the Junior Anti-Sex League. She had
always borne an excellent character. She had even (an infallible
mark of good reputation) been picked out to work in Pornosec, the
sub-section of the Fiction Department which turned out cheap
pornography for distribution among the proles. It was nicknamed
Muck House by the people who worked in it, she remarked. There
she had remained for a year, helping to produce booklets in sealed
packets with titles like ‘Spanking Stories’ or ‘One Night in a Girls’
School’, to be bought furtively by proletarian youths who were
under the impression that they were buying something illegal.
‘What are these books like?’ said Winston curiously.
‘Oh, ghastly rubbish. They’re boring, really. They only have six
plots, but they swap them round a bit. Of course I was only on the
kaleidoscopes. I was never in the Rewrite Squad. I’m not literary,
dear — not even enough for that.’
He learned with astonishment that all the workers in
Pornosec, except the heads of the departments, were girls. The
theory was that men, whose sex instincts were less controllable
than those of women, were in greater danger of being corrupted by
the filth they handled.
‘They don’t even like having married women there,’ she added.
Girls are always supposed to be so pure. Here’s one who isn’t,
anyway.
She had had her first love-affair when she was sixteen, with a
Party member of sixty who later committed suicide to avoid arrest.
‘And a good job too,’ said Julia, ‘otherwise they’d have had my
name out of him when he confessed.’ Since then there had been
various others. Life as she saw it was quite simple. You wanted a
good time; ‘they’, meaning the Party, wanted to stop you having it;
you broke the rules as best you could. She seemed to think it just as natural that ‘they’ should want to rob you of your pleasures as
that you should want to avoid being caught. She hated the Party,
and said so in the crudest words, but she made no general criticism
of it. Except where it touched upon her own life she had no interest
in Party doctrine. He noticed that she never used Newspeak words
except the ones that had passed into everyday use. She had never
heard of the Brotherhood, and refused to believe in its existence.
Any kind of organized revolt against the Party, which was bound to
be a failure, struck her as stupid. The clever thing was to break the
rules and stay alive all the same. He wondered vaguely how many
others like her there might be in the younger generation people
who had grown up in the world of the Revolution, knowing nothing
else, accepting the Party as something unalterable, like the sky, not
rebelling against its authority but simply evading it, as a rabbit
dodges a dog.
They did not discuss the possibility of getting married. It was
too remote to be worth thinking about. No imaginable committee
would ever sanction such a marriage even if Katharine, Winston’s
wife, could somehow have been got rid of. It was hopeless even as a
daydream.
‘What was she like, your wife?’ said Julia.
‘She was — do you know the Newspeak word
GOODTHINKFUL? Meaning naturally orthodox, incapable of
thinking a bad thought?’
‘No, I didn’t know the word, but I know the kind of person,
right enough.’
He began telling her the story of his married life, but curiously
enough she appeared to know the essential parts of it already. She
described to him, almost as though she had seen or felt it, the
stiffening of Katharine’s body as soon as he touched her, the way in which she still seemed to be pushing him from her with all her
strength, even when her arms were clasped tightly round him.
With Julia he felt no difficulty in talking about such things:
Katharine, in any case, had long ceased to be a painful memory and
became merely a distasteful one.
‘I could have stood it if it hadn’t been for one thing,’ he said.
He told her about the frigid little ceremony that Katharine had
forced him to go through on the same night every week. ‘She hated
it, but nothing would make her stop doing it. She used to call it —
but you’ll never guess.’
‘Our duty to the Party,’ said Julia promptly.
‘How did you know that?’
‘I’ve been at school too, dear. Sex talks once a month for the
over-sixteens. And in the Youth Movement. They rub it into you for
years. I dare say it works in a lot of cases. But of course you can
never tell; people are such hypocrites.’
She began to enlarge upon the subject. With Julia, everything
came back to her own sexuality. As soon as this was touched upon
in any way she was capable of great acuteness. Unlike Winston, she
had grasped the inner meaning of the Party’s sexual puritanism. It
was not merely that the sex instinct created a world of its own
which was outside the Party’s control and which therefore had to
be destroyed if possible. What was more important was that sexual
privation induced hysteria, which was desirable because it could be
transformed into war-fever and leader-worship. The way she put it
was:
‘When you make love you’re using up energy; and afterwards
you feel happy and don’t give a damn for anything. They can’t bear
you to feel like that. They want you to be bursting with energy all
the time. All this marching up and down and cheering and waving flags is simply sex gone sour. If you’re happy inside yourself, why
should you get excited about Big Brother and the Three-Year Plans
and the Two Minutes Hate and all the rest of their bloody rot?’
That was very true, he thought. There was a direct intimate
connexion between chastity and political orthodoxy. For how could
the fear, the hatred, and the lunatic credulity which the Party
needed in its members be kept at the right pitch, except by bottling
down some powerful instinct and using it as a driving force? The
sex impulse was dangerous to the Party, and the Party had turned it
to account. They had played a similar trick with the instinct of
parenthood. The family could not actually be abolished, and,
indeed, people were encouraged to be fond of their children, in
almost the old-fashioned way. The children, on the other hand,
were systematically turned against their parents and taught to spy
on them and report their deviations. The family had become in
effect an extension of the Thought Police. It was a device by means
of which everyone could be surrounded night and day by informers
who knew him intimately.
Abruptly his mind went back to Katharine. Katharine would
unquestionably have denounced him to the Thought Police if she
had not happened to be too stupid to detect the unorthodoxy of his
opinions. But what really recalled her to him at this moment was
the stifling heat of the afternoon, which had brought the sweat out
on his forehead. He began telling Julia of something that had
happened, or rather had failed to happen, on another sweltering
summer afternoon, eleven years ago.
It was three or four months after they were married. They had
lost their way on a community hike somewhere in Kent. They had
only lagged behind the others for a couple of minutes, but they
took a wrong turning, and presently found themselves pulled up short by the edge of an old chalk quarry. It was a sheer drop of ten
or twenty metres, with boulders at the bottom. There was nobody
of whom they could ask the way. As soon as she realized that they
were lost Katharine became very uneasy. To be away from the
noisy mob of hikers even for a moment gave her a feeling of
wrong-doing. She wanted to hurry back by the way they had come
and start searching in the other direction. But at this moment
Winston noticed some tufts of loosestrife growing in the cracks of
the cliff beneath them. One tuft was of two colours, magenta and
brick-red, apparently growing on the same root. He had never seen
anything of the kind before, and he called to Katharine to come and
look at it.
‘Look, Katharine! Look at those flowers. That clump down
near the bottom. Do you see they’re two different colours?’
She had already turned to go, but she did rather fretfully come
back for a moment. She even leaned out over the cliff face to see
where he was pointing. He was standing a little behind her, and he
put his hand on her waist to steady her. At this moment it suddenly
occurred to him how completely alone they were. There was not a
human creature anywhere, not a leaf stirring, not even a bird
awake. In a place like this the danger that there would be a hidden
microphone was very small, and even if there was a microphone it
would only pick up sounds. It was the hottest sleepiest hour of the
afternoon. The sun blazed down upon them, the sweat tickled his
face. And the thought struck him . . .
‘Why didn’t you give her a good shove?’ said Julia. ‘I would
have.’
‘Yes, dear, you would have. I would, if I’d been the same
person then as I am now. Or perhaps I would — I’m not certain.’
‘Are you sorry you didn’t?’ ‘Yes. On the whole I’m sorry I didn’t.’
They were sitting side by side on the dusty floor. He pulled her
closer against him. Her head rested on his shoulder, the pleasant
smell of her hair conquering the pigeon dung. She was very young,
he thought, she still expected something from life, she did not
understand that to push an inconvenient person over a cliff solves
nothing.
‘Actually it would have made no difference,’ he said.
‘Then why are you sorry you didn’t do it?’
‘Only because I prefer a positive to a negative. In this game
that we’re playing, we can’t win. Some kinds of failure are better
than other kinds, that’s all.’
He felt her shoulders give a wriggle of dissent. She always
contradicted him when he said anything of this kind. She would
not accept it as a law of nature that the individual is always
defeated. In a way she realized that she herself was doomed, that
sooner or later the Thought Police would catch her and kill her, but
with another part of her mind she believed that it was somehow
possible to construct a secret world in which you could live as you
chose. All you needed was luck and cunning and boldness. She did
not understand that there was no such thing as happiness, that the
only victory lay in the far future, long after you were dead, that
from the moment of declaring war on the Party it was better to
think of yourself as a corpse.
‘We are the dead,’ he said.
‘We’re not dead yet,’ said Julia prosaically.
‘Not physically. Six months, a year — five years, conceivably. I
am afraid of death. You are young, so presumably you’re more
afraid of it than I am. Obviously we shall put it off as long as we can. But it makes very little difference. So long as human beings
stay human, death and life are the same thing.’
‘Oh, rubbish! Which would you sooner sleep with, me or a
skeleton? Don’t you enjoy being alive? Don’t you like feeling: This
is me, this is my hand, this is my leg, I’m real, I’m solid, I’m alive!
Don’t you like THIS?’
She twisted herself round and pressed her bosom against him.
He could feel her breasts, ripe yet firm, through her overalls. Her
body seemed to be pouring some of its youth and vigour into his.
‘Yes, I like that,’ he said.
‘Then stop talking about dying. And now listen, dear, we’ve got
to fix up about the next time we meet. We may as well go back to
the place in the wood. We’ve given it a good long rest. But you
must get there by a different way this time. I’ve got it all planned
out. You take the train — but look, I’ll draw it out for you.’
And in her practical way she scraped together a small square of
dust, and with a twig from a pigeon’s nest began drawing a map on
the floor.

CHAPTER 4

Winston looked round the shabby little room above Mr
Charrington’s shop. Beside the window the enormous
bed was made up, with ragged blankets and a coverless
bolster. The old-fashioned clock with the twelve-hour face was
ticking away on the mantelpiece. In the corner, on the gateleg
table, the glass paperweight which he had bought on his last visit
gleamed softly out of the half-darkness.
In the fender was a battered tin oilstove, a saucepan, and two
cups, provided by Mr Charrington. Winston lit the burner and set a
pan of water to boil. He had brought an envelope full of Victory
Coffee and some saccharine tablets. The clock’s hands said
seventeen-twenty: it was nineteen-twenty really. She was coming
at nineteen-thirty.
Folly, folly, his heart kept saying: conscious, gratuitous,
suicidal folly. Of all the crimes that a Party member could commit,
this one was the least possible to conceal. Actually the idea had
first floated into his head in the form of a vision, of the glass
paperweight mirrored by the surface of the gateleg table. As he had
foreseen, Mr Charrington had made no difficulty about letting the
room. He was obviously glad of the few dollars that it would bring
him. Nor did he seem shocked or become offensively knowing
when it was made clear that Winston wanted the room for the
purpose of a love-affair. Instead he looked into the middle distance
and spoke in generalities, with so delicate an air as to give the
impression that he had become partly invisible. Privacy, he said, was a very valuable thing. Everyone wanted a place where they
could be alone occasionally. And when they had such a place, it was
only common courtesy in anyone else who knew of it to keep his
knowledge to himself. He even, seeming almost to fade out of
existence as he did so, added that there were two entries to the
house, one of them through the back yard, which gave on an alley.
Under the window somebody was singing. Winston peeped
out, secure in the protection of the muslin curtain. The June sun
was still high in the sky, and in the sun-filled court below, a
monstrous woman, solid as a Norman pillar, with brawny red
forearms and a sacking apron strapped about her middle, was
stumping to and fro between a washtub and a clothes line, pegging
out a series of square white things which Winston recognized as
babies’ diapers. Whenever her mouth was not corked with clothes
pegs she was singing in a powerful contralto:

It was only an ’opeless fancy.
It passed like an Ipril dye,
But a look an’ a word an’ the dreams they
stirred!
They ’ave stolen my ’eart awye!

The tune had been haunting London for weeks past. It was one of
countless similar songs published for the benefit of the proles by a
sub-section of the Music Department. The words of these songs
were composed without any human intervention whatever on an
instrument known as a versificator. But the woman sang so
tunefully as to turn the dreadful rubbish into an almost pleasant
sound. He could hear the woman singing and the scrape of her
shoes on the flagstones, and the cries of the children in the street,
and somewhere in the far distance a faint roar of traffic, and yet the room seemed curiously silent, thanks to the absence of a
telescreen.
Folly, folly, folly! he thought again. It was inconceivable that
they could frequent this place for more than a few weeks without
being caught. But the temptation of having a hiding-place that was
truly their own, indoors and near at hand, had been too much for
both of them. For some time after their visit to the church belfry it
had been impossible to arrange meetings. Working hours had been
drastically increased in anticipation of Hate Week. It was more
than a month distant, but the enormous, complex preparations that
it entailed were throwing extra work on to everybody. Finally both
of them managed to secure a free afternoon on the same day. They
had agreed to go back to the clearing in the wood. On the evening
beforehand they met briefly in the street. As usual, Winston hardly
looked at Julia as they drifted towards one another in the crowd,
but from the short glance he gave her it seemed to him that she
was paler than usual.
‘It’s all off,’ she murmured as soon as she judged it safe to
speak. ‘Tomorrow, I mean.’
‘What?’
‘Tomorrow afternoon. I can’t come.’
‘Why not?’
‘Oh, the usual reason. It’s started early this time.’
For a moment he was violently angry. During the month that
he had known her the nature of his desire for her had changed. At
the beginning there had been little true sensuality in it. Their first
love-making had been simply an act of the will. But after the
second time it was different. The smell of her hair, the taste of her
mouth, the feeling of her skin seemed to have got inside him, or
into the air all round him. She had become a physical necessity, something that he not only wanted but felt that he had a right to.
When she said that she could not come, he had the feeling that she
was cheating him. But just at this moment the crowd pressed them
together and their hands accidentally met. She gave the tips of his
fingers a quick squeeze that seemed to invite not desire but
affection. It struck him that when one lived with a woman this
particular disappointment must be a normal, recurring event; and a
deep tenderness, such as he had not felt for her before, suddenly
took hold of him. He wished that they were a married couple of ten
years’ standing. He wished that he were walking through the
streets with her just as they were doing now but openly and
without fear, talking of trivialities and buying odds and ends for the
household. He wished above all that they had some place where
they could be alone together without feeling the obligation to make
love every time they met. It was not actually at that moment, but at
some time on the following day, that the idea of renting Mr
Charrington’s room had occurred to him. When he suggested it to
Julia she had agreed with unexpected readiness. Both of them
knew that it was lunacy. It was as though they were intentionally
stepping nearer to their graves. As he sat waiting on the edge of the
bed he thought again of the cellars of the Ministry of Love. It was
curious how that predestined horror moved in and out of one’s
consciousness. There it lay, fixed in future times, preceding death
as surely as 99 precedes 100. One could not avoid it, but one could
perhaps postpone it: and yet instead, every now and again, by a
conscious, wilful act, one chose to shorten the interval before it
happened.
At this moment there was a quick step on the stairs. Julia
burst into the room. She was carrying a tool-bag of coarse brown
canvas, such as he had sometimes seen her carrying to and fro at the Ministry. He started forward to take her in his arms, but she
disengaged herself rather hurriedly, partly because she was still
holding the tool-bag.
‘Half a second,’ she said. ‘Just let me show you what I’ve
brought. Did you bring some of that filthy Victory Coffee? I
thought you would. You can chuck it away again, because we shan’t
be needing it. Look here.’
She fell on her knees, threw open the bag, and tumbled out
some spanners and a screwdriver that filled the top part of it.
Underneath were a number of neat paper packets. The first packet
that she passed to Winston had a strange and yet vaguely familiar
feeling. It was filled with some kind of heavy, sand-like stuff which
yielded wherever you touched it.
‘It isn’t sugar?’ he said.
‘Real sugar. Not saccharine, sugar. And here’s a loaf of bread —
proper white bread, not our bloody stuff — and a little pot of jam.
And here’s a tin of milk — but look! This is the one I’m really proud
of. I had to wrap a bit of sacking round it, because ——’
But she did not need to tell him why she had wrapped it up.
The smell was already filling the room, a rich hot smell which
seemed like an emanation from his early childhood, but which one
did occasionally meet with even now, blowing down a passage-way
before a door slammed, or diffusing itself mysteriously in a
crowded street, sniffed for an instant and then lost again.
‘It’s coffee,’ he murmured, ‘real coffee.’
‘It’s Inner Party coffee. There’s a whole kilo here,’ she said.
‘How did you manage to get hold of all these things?’
‘It’s all Inner Party stuff. There’s nothing those swine don’t
have, nothing. But of course waiters and servants and people pinch things, and — look, I got a little packet of tea as well.’
Winston had squatted down beside her. He tore open a corner
of the packet.
‘It’s real tea. Not blackberry leaves.’
‘There’s been a lot of tea about lately. They’ve captured India,
or something,’ she said vaguely. ‘But listen, dear. I want you to turn
your back on me for three minutes. Go and sit on the other side of
the bed. Don’t go too near the window. And don’t turn round till I
tell you.’
Winston gazed abstractedly through the muslin curtain. Down
in the yard the red-armed woman was still marching to and fro
between the washtub and the line. She took two more pegs out of
her mouth and sang with deep feeling:

They sye that time ’eals all things,
They sye you can always forget;
But the smiles an’ the tears acrorss the years
They twist my ’eart-strings yet!

She knew the whole drivelling song by heart, it seemed. Her voice
floated upward with the sweet summer air, very tuneful, charged
with a sort of happy melancholy. One had the feeling that she
would have been perfectly content, if the June evening had been
endless and the supply of clothes inexhaustible, to remain there for
a thousand years, pegging out diapers and singing rubbish. It
struck him as a curious fact that he had never heard a member of
the Party singing alone and spontaneously. It would even have
seemed slightly unorthodox, a dangerous eccentricity, like talking
to oneself. Perhaps it was only when people were somewhere near
the starvation level that they had anything to sing about.
‘You can turn round now,’ said Julia.

He turned round, and for a second almost failed to recognize
her. What he had actually expected was to see her naked. But she
was not naked. The transformation that had happened was much
more surprising than that. She had painted her face.
She must have slipped into some shop in the proletarian
quarters and bought herself a complete set of make-up materials.
Her lips were deeply reddened, her cheeks rouged, her nose
powdered; there was even a touch of something under the eyes to
make them brighter. It was not very skilfully done, but Winston’s
standards in such matters were not high. He had never before seen
or imagined a woman of the Party with cosmetics on her face. The
improvement in her appearance was startling. With just a few dabs
of colour in the right places she had become not only very much
prettier, but, above all, far more feminine. Her short hair and
boyish overalls merely added to the effect. As he took her in his
arms a wave of synthetic violets flooded his nostrils. He
remembered the half-darkness of a basement kitchen, and a
woman’s cavernous mouth. It was the very same scent that she had
used; but at the moment it did not seem to matter.
‘Scent too!’ he said.
‘Yes, dear, scent too. And do you know what I’m going to do
next? I’m going to get hold of a real woman’s frock from
somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers. I’ll wear
silk stockings and high-heeled shoes! In this room I’m going to be
a woman, not a Party comrade.’
They flung their clothes off and climbed into the huge
mahogany bed. It was the first time that he had stripped himself
naked in her presence. Until now he had been too much ashamed
of his pale and meagre body, with the varicose veins standing out
on his calves and the discoloured patch over his ankle. There were no sheets, but the blanket they lay on was threadbare and smooth,
and the size and springiness of the bed astonished both of them.
‘It’s sure to be full of bugs, but who cares?’ said Julia. One never
saw a double bed nowadays, except in the homes of the proles.
Winston had occasionally slept in one in his boyhood: Julia had
never been in one before, so far as she could remember.
Presently they fell asleep for a little while. When Winston
woke up the hands of the clock had crept round to nearly nine. He
did not stir, because Julia was sleeping with her head in the crook
of his arm. Most of her make-up had transferred itself to his own
face or the bolster, but a light stain of rouge still brought out the
beauty of her cheekbone. A yellow ray from the sinking sun fell
across the foot of the bed and lighted up the fireplace, where the
water in the pan was boiling fast. Down in the yard the woman had
stopped singing, but the faint shouts of children floated in from the
street. He wondered vaguely whether in the abolished past it had
been a normal experience to lie in bed like this, in the cool of a
summer evening, a man and a woman with no clothes on, making
love when they chose, talking of what they chose, not feeling any
compulsion to get up, simply lying there and listening to peaceful
sounds outside. Surely there could never have been a time when
that seemed ordinary? Julia woke up, rubbed her eyes, and raised
herself on her elbow to look at the oilstove.
‘Half that water’s boiled away,’ she said. ‘I’ll get up and make
some coffee in another moment. We’ve got an hour. What time do
they cut the lights off at your flats?’
‘Twenty-three thirty.’
‘It’s twenty-three at the hostel. But you have to get in earlier
than that, because — Hi! Get out, you filthy brute!’
She suddenly twisted herself over in the bed, seized a shoe from the floor, and sent it hurtling into the corner with a boyish
jerk of her arm, exactly as he had seen her fling the dictionary at
Goldstein, that morning during the Two Minutes Hate.
‘What was it?’ he said in surprise.
‘A rat. I saw him stick his beastly nose out of the wainscoting.
There’s a hole down there. I gave him a good fright, anyway.’
‘Rats!’ murmured Winston. ‘In this room!’
‘They’re all over the place,’ said Julia indifferently as she lay
down again. ‘We’ve even got them in the kitchen at the hostel.
Some parts of London are swarming with them. Did you know they
attack children? Yes, they do. In some of these streets a woman
daren’t leave a baby alone for two minutes. It’s the great huge
brown ones that do it. And the nasty thing is that the brutes always
——’
‘DON’T GO ON!’ said Winston, with his eyes tightly shut.
‘Dearest! You’ve gone quite pale. What’s the matter? Do they
make you feel sick?’
‘Of all horrors in the world — a rat!’
She pressed herself against him and wound her limbs round
him, as though to reassure him with the warmth of her body. He
did not reopen his eyes immediately. For several moments he had
had the feeling of being back in a nightmare which had recurred
from time to time throughout his life. It was always very much the
same. He was standing in front of a wall of darkness, and on the
other side of it there was something unendurable, something too
dreadful to be faced. In the dream his deepest feeling was always
one of self-deception, because he did in fact know what was behind
the wall of darkness. With a deadly effort, like wrenching a piece
out of his own brain, he could even have dragged the thing into the open. He always woke up without discovering what it was: but
somehow it was connected with what Julia had been saying when
he cut her short.
‘I’m sorry,’ he said, ‘it’s nothing. I don’t like rats, that’s all.’
‘Don’t worry, dear, we’re not going to have the filthy brutes in
here. I’ll stuff the hole with a bit of sacking before we go. And next
time we come here I’ll bring some plaster and bung it up properly.’
Already the black instant of panic was half-forgotten. Feeling
slightly ashamed of himself, he sat up against the bedhead. Julia
got out of bed, pulled on her overalls, and made the coffee. The
smell that rose from the saucepan was so powerful and exciting
that they shut the window lest anybody outside should notice it
and become inquisitive. What was even better than the taste of the
coffee was the silky texture given to it by the sugar, a thing
Winston had almost forgotten after years of saccharine. With one
hand in her pocket and a piece of bread and jam in the other, Julia
wandered about the room, glancing indifferently at the bookcase,
pointing out the best way of repairing the gateleg table, plumping
herself down in the ragged arm-chair to see if it was comfortable,
and examining the absurd twelve-hour clock with a sort of tolerant
amusement. She brought the glass paperweight over to the bed to
have a look at it in a better light. He took it out of her hand,
fascinated, as always, by the soft, rainwatery appearance of the
glass.
‘What is it, do you think?’ said Julia.
‘I don’t think it’s anything — I mean, I don’t think it was ever
put to any use. That’s what I like about it. It’s a little chunk of
history that they’ve forgotten to alter. It’s a message from a
hundred years ago, if one knew how to read it.’
‘And that picture over there’— she nodded at the engraving on the opposite wall —‘would that be a hundred years old?’
‘More. Two hundred, I dare say. One can’t tell. It’s impossible
to discover the age of anything nowadays.’
She went over to look at it. ‘Here’s where that brute stuck his
nose out,’ she said, kicking the wainscoting immediately below the
picture. ‘What is this place? I’ve seen it before somewhere.’
‘It’s a church, or at least it used to be. St Clement Danes its
name was.’ The fragment of rhyme that Mr Charrington had taught
him came back into his head, and he added half-nostalgically:
“Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement’s!”
To his astonishment she capped the line:

‘You owe me three farthings, say the bells of St
Martin’s,
When will you pay me? say the bells of Old
Bailey ——’

‘I can’t remember how it goes on after that. But anyway I
remember it ends up, “Here comes a candle to light you to bed,
here comes a chopper to chop off your head!”’
It was like the two halves of a countersign. But there must be
another line after ‘the bells of Old Bailey’. Perhaps it could be dug
out of Mr Charrington’s memory, if he were suitably prompted.
‘Who taught you that?’ he said.
‘My grandfather. He used to say it to me when I was a little
girl. He was vaporized when I was eight — at any rate, he
disappeared. I wonder what a lemon was,’ she added
inconsequently. ‘I’ve seen oranges. They’re a kind of round yellow
fruit with a thick skin.’
‘I can remember lemons,’ said Winston. ‘They were quite common in the fifties. They were so sour that it set your teeth on
edge even to smell them.’
‘I bet that picture’s got bugs behind it,’ said Julia. ‘I’ll take it
down and give it a good clean some day. I suppose it’s almost time
we were leaving. I must start washing this paint off. What a bore!
I’ll get the lipstick off your face afterwards.’
Winston did not get up for a few minutes more. The room was
darkening. He turned over towards the light and lay gazing into the
glass paperweight. The inexhaustibly interesting thing was not the
fragment of coral but the interior of the glass itself. There was such
a depth of it, and yet it was almost as transparent as air. It was as
though the surface of the glass had been the arch of the sky,
enclosing a tiny world with its atmosphere complete. He had the
feeling that he could get inside it, and that in fact he was inside it,
along with the mahogany bed and the gateleg table, and the clock
and the steel engraving and the paperweight itself. The
paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julia’s life
and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal.

CHAPTER 5

S
yme had vanished. A morning came, and he was missing
from work: a few thoughtless people commented on his
absence. On the next day nobody mentioned him. On the
third day Winston went into the vestibule of the Records
Department to look at the notice-board. One of the notices carried
a printed list of the members of the Chess Committee, of whom
Syme had been one. It looked almost exactly as it had looked
before — nothing had been crossed out — but it was one name
shorter. It was enough. Syme had ceased to exist: he had never
existed.
The weather was baking hot. In the labyrinthine Ministry the
windowless, air-conditioned rooms kept their normal temperature,
but outside the pavements scorched one’s feet and the stench of
the Tubes at the rush hours was a horror. The preparations for
Hate Week were in full swing, and the staffs of all the Ministries
were working overtime. Processions, meetings, military parades,
lectures, waxworks, displays, film shows, telescreen programmes
all had to be organized; stands had to be erected, effigies built,
slogans coined, songs written, rumours circulated, photographs
faked. Julia’s unit in the Fiction Department had been taken off the
production of novels and was rushing out a series of atrocity
pamphlets. Winston, in addition to his regular work, spent long
periods every day in going through back files of ‘The Times’ and
altering and embellishing news items which were to be quoted in
speeches. Late at night, when crowds of rowdy proles roamed the streets, the town had a curiously febrile air. The rocket bombs
crashed oftener than ever, and sometimes in the far distance there
were enormous explosions which no one could explain and about
which there were wild rumours.
The new tune which was to be the theme-song of Hate Week
(the Hate Song, it was called) had already been composed and was
being endlessly plugged on the telescreens. It had a savage, barking
rhythm which could not exactly be called music, but resembled the
beating of a drum. Roared out by hundreds of voices to the tramp
of marching feet, it was terrifying. The proles had taken a fancy to
it, and in the midnight streets it competed with the still-popular ‘It
was only a hopeless fancy’. The Parsons children played it at all
hours of the night and day, unbearably, on a comb and a piece of
toilet paper. Winston’s evenings were fuller than ever. Squads of
volunteers, organized by Parsons, were preparing the street for
Hate Week, stitching banners, painting posters, erecting flagstaffs
on the roofs, and perilously slinging wires across the street for the
reception of streamers. Parsons boasted that Victory Mansions
alone would display four hundred metres of bunting. He was in his
native element and as happy as a lark. The heat and the manual
work had even given him a pretext for reverting to shorts and an
open shirt in the evenings. He was everywhere at once, pushing,
pulling, sawing, hammering, improvising, jollying everyone along
with comradely exhortations and giving out from every fold of his
body what seemed an inexhaustible supply of acrid-smelling sweat.
A new poster had suddenly appeared all over London. It had no
caption, and represented simply the monstrous figure of a Eurasian
soldier, three or four metres high, striding forward with
expressionless Mongolian face and enormous boots, a submachine
gun pointed from his hip. From whatever angle you looked at the poster, the muzzle of the gun, magnified by the foreshortening,
seemed to be pointed straight at you. The thing had been plastered
on every blank space on every wall, even outnumbering the
portraits of Big Brother. The proles, normally apathetic about the
war, were being lashed into one of their periodical frenzies of
patriotism. As though to harmonize with the general mood, the
rocket bombs had been killing larger numbers of people than
usual. One fell on a crowded film theatre in Stepney, burying
several hundred victims among the ruins. The whole population of
the neighbourhood turned out for a long, trailing funeral which
went on for hours and was in effect an indignation meeting.
Another bomb fell on a piece of waste ground which was used as a
playground and several dozen children were blown to pieces. There
were further angry demonstrations, Goldstein was burned in effigy,
hundreds of copies of the poster of the Eurasian soldier were torn
down and added to the flames, and a number of shops were looted
in the turmoil; then a rumour flew round that spies were directing
the rocket bombs by means of wireless waves, and an old couple
who were suspected of being of foreign extraction had their house
set on fire and perished of suffocation.
In the room over Mr Charrington’s shop, when they could get
there, Julia and Winston lay side by side on a stripped bed under
the open window, naked for the sake of coolness. The rat had never
come back, but the bugs had multiplied hideously in the heat. It did
not seem to matter. Dirty or clean, the room was paradise. As soon
as they arrived they would sprinkle everything with pepper bought
on the black market, tear off their clothes, and make love with
sweating bodies, then fall asleep and wake to find that the bugs had
rallied and were massing for the counter-attack.
Four, five, six — seven times they met during the month of June. Winston had dropped his habit of drinking gin at all hours.
He seemed to have lost the need for it. He had grown fatter, his
varicose ulcer had subsided, leaving only a brown stain on the skin
above his ankle, his fits of coughing in the early morning had
stopped. The process of life had ceased to be intolerable, he had no
longer any impulse to make faces at the telescreen or shout curses
at the top of his voice. Now that they had a secure hiding-place,
almost a home, it did not even seem a hardship that they could
only meet infrequently and for a couple of hours at a time. What
mattered was that the room over the junk-shop should exist. To
know that it was there, inviolate, was almost the same as being in
it. The room was a world, a pocket of the past where extinct
animals could walk. Mr Charrington, thought Winston, was
another extinct animal. He usually stopped to talk with Mr
Charrington for a few minutes on his way upstairs. The old man
seemed seldom or never to go out of doors, and on the other hand
to have almost no customers. He led a ghostlike existence between
the tiny, dark shop, and an even tinier back kitchen where he
prepared his meals and which contained, among other things, an
unbelievably ancient gramophone with an enormous horn. He
seemed glad of the opportunity to talk. Wandering about among
his worthless stock, with his long nose and thick spectacles and his
bowed shoulders in the velvet jacket, he had always vaguely the air
of being a collector rather than a tradesman. With a sort of faded
enthusiasm he would finger this scrap of rubbish or that — a china
bottle-stopper, the painted lid of a broken snuffbox, a pinchbeck
locket containing a strand of some long-dead baby’s hair — never
asking that Winston should buy it, merely that he should admire it.
To talk to him was like listening to the tinkling of a worn-out
musical-box. He had dragged out from the corners of his memory
some more fragments of forgotten rhymes. There was one about four and twenty blackbirds, and another about a cow with a
crumpled horn, and another about the death of poor Cock Robin.
‘It just occurred to me you might be interested,’ he would say with
a deprecating little laugh whenever he produced a new fragment.
But he could never recall more than a few lines of any one rhyme.
Both of them knew — in a way, it was never out of their minds
that what was now happening could not last long. There were times
when the fact of impending death seemed as palpable as the bed
they lay on, and they would cling together with a sort of despairing
sensuality, like a damned soul grasping at his last morsel of
pleasure when the clock is within five minutes of striking. But
there were also times when they had the illusion not only of safety
but of permanence. So long as they were actually in this room, they
both felt, no harm could come to them. Getting there was difficult
and dangerous, but the room itself was sanctuary. It was as when
Winston had gazed into the heart of the paperweight, with the
feeling that it would be possible to get inside that glassy world, and
that once inside it time could be arrested. Often they gave
themselves up to daydreams of escape. Their luck would hold
indefinitely, and they would carry on their intrigue, just like this,
for the remainder of their natural lives. Or Katharine would die,
and by subtle manoeuvrings Winston and Julia would succeed in
getting married. Or they would commit suicide together. Or they
would disappear, alter themselves out of recognition, learn to
speak with proletarian accents, get jobs in a factory and live out
their lives undetected in a back-street. It was all nonsense, as they
both knew. In reality there was no escape. Even the one plan that
was practicable, suicide, they had no intention of carrying out. To
hang on from day to day and from week to week, spinning out a
present that had no future, seemed an unconquerable instinct, just as one’s lungs will always draw the next breath so long as there is
air available.
Sometimes, too, they talked of engaging in active rebellion
against the Party, but with no notion of how to take the first step.
Even if the fabulous Brotherhood was a reality, there still remained
the difficulty of finding one’s way into it. He told her of the strange
intimacy that existed, or seemed to exist, between himself and
O’Brien, and of the impulse he sometimes felt, simply to walk into
O’Brien’s presence, announce that he was the enemy of the Party,
and demand his help. Curiously enough, this did not strike her as
an impossibly rash thing to do. She was used to judging people by
their faces, and it seemed natural to her that Winston should
believe O’Brien to be trustworthy on the strength of a single flash
of the eyes. Moreover she took it for granted that everyone, or
nearly everyone, secretly hated the Party and would break the rules
if he thought it safe to do so. But she refused to believe that
widespread, organized opposition existed or could exist. The tales
about Goldstein and his underground army, she said, were simply a
lot of rubbish which the Party had invented for its own purposes
and which you had to pretend to believe in. Times beyond number,
at Party rallies and spontaneous demonstrations, she had shouted
at the top of her voice for the execution of people whose names she
had never heard and in whose supposed crimes she had not the
faintest belief. When public trials were happening she had taken
her place in the detachments from the Youth League who
surrounded the courts from morning to night, chanting at intervals
‘Death to the traitors!’ During the Two Minutes Hate she always
excelled all others in shouting insults at Goldstein. Yet she had
only the dimmest idea of who Goldstein was and what doctrines he
was supposed to represent. She had grown up since the Revolution and was too young to remember the ideological battles of the fifties
and sixties. Such a thing as an independent political movement was
outside her imagination: and in any case the Party was invincible.
It would always exist, and it would always be the same. You could
only rebel against it by secret disobedience or, at most, by isolated
acts of violence such as killing somebody or blowing something up.
In some ways she was far more acute than Winston, and far
less susceptible to Party propaganda. Once when he happened in
some connexion to mention the war against Eurasia, she startled
him by saying casually that in her opinion the war was not
happening. The rocket bombs which fell daily on London were
probably fired by the Government of Oceania itself, ‘just to keep
people frightened’. This was an idea that had literally never
occurred to him. She also stirred a sort of envy in him by telling
him that during the Two Minutes Hate her great difficulty was to
avoid bursting out laughing. But she only questioned the teachings
of the Party when they in some way touched upon her own life.
Often she was ready to accept the official mythology, simply
because the difference between truth and falsehood did not seem
important to her. She believed, for instance, having learnt it at
school, that the Party had invented aeroplanes. (In his own
schooldays, Winston remembered, in the late fifties, it was only the
helicopter that the Party claimed to have invented; a dozen years
later, when Julia was at school, it was already claiming the
aeroplane; one generation more, and it would be claiming the
steam engine.) And when he told her that aeroplanes had been in
existence before he was born and long before the Revolution, the
fact struck her as totally uninteresting. After all, what did it matter
who had invented aeroplanes? It was rather more of a shock to him
when he discovered from some chance remark that she did not remember that Oceania, four years ago, had been at war with
Eastasia and at peace with Eurasia. It was true that she regarded
the whole war as a sham: but apparently she had not even noticed
that the name of the enemy had changed. ‘I thought we’d always
been at war with Eurasia,’ she said vaguely. It frightened him a
little. The invention of aeroplanes dated from long before her birth,
but the switchover in the war had happened only four years ago,
well after she was grown up. He argued with her about it for
perhaps a quarter of an hour. In the end he succeeded in forcing
her memory back until she did dimly recall that at one time
Eastasia and not Eurasia had been the enemy. But the issue still
struck her as unimportant. ‘Who cares?’ she said impatiently. ‘It’s
always one bloody war after another, and one knows the news is all
lies anyway.’
Sometimes he talked to her of the Records Department and
the impudent forgeries that he committed there. Such things did
not appear to horrify her. She did not feel the abyss opening
beneath her feet at the thought of lies becoming truths. He told her
the story of Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford and the momentous
slip of paper which he had once held between his fingers. It did not
make much impression on her. At first, indeed, she failed to grasp
the point of the story.
‘Were they friends of yours?’ she said.
‘No, I never knew them. They were Inner Party members.
Besides, they were far older men than I was. They belonged to the
old days, before the Revolution. I barely knew them by sight.’
‘Then what was there to worry about? People are being killed
off all the time, aren’t they?’
He tried to make her understand. ‘This was an exceptional
case. It wasn’t just a question of somebody being killed. Do you realize that the past, starting from yesterday, has been actually
abolished? If it survives anywhere, it’s in a few solid objects with
no words attached to them, like that lump of glass there. Already
we know almost literally nothing about the Revolution and the
years before the Revolution. Every record has been destroyed or
falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been
repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed,
every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by
day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists
except an endless present in which the Party is always right. I
know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be
possible for me to prove it, even when I did the falsification myself.
After the thing is done, no evidence ever remains. The only
evidence is inside my own mind, and I don’t know with any
certainty that any other human being shares my memories. Just in
that one instance, in my whole life, I did possess actual concrete
evidence after the event — years after it.’
‘And what good was that?’
‘It was no good, because I threw it away a few minutes later.
But if the same thing happened today, I should keep it.’
‘Well, I wouldn’t!’ said Julia. ‘I’m quite ready to take risks, but
only for something worth while, not for bits of old newspaper.
What could you have done with it even if you had kept it?’
‘Not much, perhaps. But it was evidence. It might have planted
a few doubts here and there, supposing that I’d dared to show it to
anybody. I don’t imagine that we can alter anything in our own
lifetime. But one can imagine little knots of resistance springing up
here and there — small groups of people banding themselves
together, and gradually growing, and even leaving a few records
behind, so that the next generations can carry on where we leave off.’
‘I’m not interested in the next generation, dear. I’m interested
in US.’
‘You’re only a rebel from the waist downwards,’ he told her.
She thought this brilliantly witty and flung her arms round
him in delight.
In the ramifications of party doctrine she had not the faintest
interest. Whenever he began to talk of the principles of Ingsoc,
doublethink, the mutability of the past, and the denial of objective
reality, and to use Newspeak words, she became bored and
confused and said that she never paid any attention to that kind of
thing. One knew that it was all rubbish, so why let oneself be
worried by it? She knew when to cheer and when to boo, and that
was all one needed. If he persisted in talking of such subjects, she
had a disconcerting habit of falling asleep. She was one of those
people who can go to sleep at any hour and in any position. Talking
to her, he realized how easy it was to present an appearance of
orthodoxy while having no grasp whatever of what orthodoxy
meant. In a way, the world-view of the Party imposed itself most
successfully on people incapable of understanding it. They could be
made to accept the most flagrant violations of reality, because they
never fully grasped the enormity of what was demanded of them,
and were not sufficiently interested in public events to notice what
was happening. By lack of understanding they remained sane. They
simply swallowed everything, and what they swallowed did them
no harm, because it left no residue behind, just as a grain of corn
will pass undigested through the body of a bird.

CHAPTER 6

It had happened at last. The expected message had come. All his
life, it seemed to him, he had been waiting for this to happen.
He was walking down the long corridor at the Ministry and
he was almost at the spot where Julia had slipped the note into his
hand when he became aware that someone larger than himself was
walking just behind him. The person, whoever it was, gave a small
cough, evidently as a prelude to speaking. Winston stopped
abruptly and turned. It was O’Brien.
At last they were face to face, and it seemed that his only
impulse was to run away. His heart bounded violently. He would
have been incapable of speaking. O’Brien, however, had continued
forward in the same movement, laying a friendly hand for a
moment on Winston’s arm, so that the two of them were walking
side by side. He began speaking with the peculiar grave courtesy
that differentiated him from the majority of Inner Party members.
‘I had been hoping for an opportunity of talking to you,’ he
said. ‘I was reading one of your Newspeak articles in ‘The Times’
the other day. You take a scholarly interest in Newspeak, I believe?’
Winston had recovered part of his self-possession. ‘Hardly
scholarly,’ he said. ‘I’m only an amateur. It’s not my subject. I have
never had anything to do with the actual construction of the
language.’
‘But you write it very elegantly,’ said O’Brien. ‘That is not only
my own opinion. I was talking recently to a friend of yours who is
certainly an expert. His name has slipped my memory for the moment.’
Again Winston’s heart stirred painfully. It was inconceivable
that this was anything other than a reference to Syme. But Syme
was not only dead, he was abolished, an unperson. Any identifiable
reference to him would have been mortally dangerous. O’Brien’s
remark must obviously have been intended as a signal, a codeword.
By sharing a small act of thoughtcrime he had turned the two of
them into accomplices. They had continued to stroll slowly down
the corridor, but now O’Brien halted. With the curious, disarming
friendliness that he always managed to put in to the gesture he
resettled his spectacles on his nose. Then he went on:
‘What I had really intended to say was that in your article I
noticed you had used two words which have become obsolete. But
they have only become so very recently. Have you seen the tenth
edition of the Newspeak Dictionary?’
‘No,’ said Winston. ‘I didn’t think it had been issued yet. We
are still using the ninth in the Records Department.’
‘The tenth edition is not due to appear for some months, I
believe. But a few advance copies have been circulated. I have one
myself. It might interest you to look at it, perhaps?’
‘Very much so,’ said Winston, immediately seeing where this
tended.
‘Some of the new developments are most ingenious. The
reduction in the number of verbs — that is the point that will
appeal to you, I think. Let me see, shall I send a messenger to you
with the dictionary? But I am afraid I invariably forget anything of
that kind. Perhaps you could pick it up at my flat at some time that
suited you? Wait. Let me give you my address.’
They were standing in front of a telescreen. Somewhat absentmindedly O’Brien felt two of his pockets and then produced a small leather-covered notebook and a gold ink-pencil. Immediately
beneath the telescreen, in such a position that anyone who was
watching at the other end of the instrument could read what he
was writing, he scribbled an address, tore out the page and handed
it to Winston.
‘I am usually at home in the evenings,’ he said. ‘If not, my
servant will give you the dictionary.’
He was gone, leaving Winston holding the scrap of paper,
which this time there was no need to conceal. Nevertheless he
carefully memorized what was written on it, and some hours later
dropped it into the memory hole along with a mass of other papers.
They had been talking to one another for a couple of minutes
at the most. There was only one meaning that the episode could
possibly have. It had been contrived as a way of letting Winston
know O’Brien’s address. This was necessary, because except by
direct enquiry it was never possible to discover where anyone lived.
There were no directories of any kind. ‘If you ever want to see me,
this is where I can be found,’ was what O’Brien had been saying to
him. Perhaps there would even be a message concealed somewhere
in the dictionary. But at any rate, one thing was certain. The
conspiracy that he had dreamed of did exist, and he had reached
the outer edges of it.
He knew that sooner or later he would obey O’Brien’s
summons. Perhaps tomorrow, perhaps after a long delay — he was
not certain. What was happening was only the working-out of a
process that had started years ago. The first step had been a secret,
involuntary thought, the second had been the opening of the diary.
He had moved from thoughts to words, and now from words to
actions. The last step was something that would happen in the
Ministry of Love. He had accepted it. The end was contained in the beginning. But it was frightening: or, more exactly, it was like a
foretaste of death, like being a little less alive. Even while he was
speaking to O’Brien, when the meaning of the words had sunk in, a
chilly shuddering feeling had taken possession of his body. He had
the sensation of stepping into the dampness of a grave, and it was
not much better because he had always known that the grave was
there and waiting for him.

CHAPTER 7

Winston had woken up with his eyes full of tears. Julia
rolled sleepily against him, murmuring something that
might have been ‘What’s the matter?’
‘I dreamt —’ he began, and stopped short. It was too complex
to be put into words. There was the dream itself, and there was a
memory connected with it that had swum into his mind in the few
seconds after waking.
He lay back with his eyes shut, still sodden in the atmosphere
of the dream. It was a vast, luminous dream in which his whole life
seemed to stretch out before him like a landscape on a summer
evening after rain. It had all occurred inside the glass paperweight,
but the surface of the glass was the dome of the sky, and inside the
dome everything was flooded with clear soft light in which one
could see into interminable distances. The dream had also been
comprehended by — indeed, in some sense it had consisted in — a
gesture of the arm made by his mother, and made again thirty
years later by the Jewish woman he had seen on the news film,
trying to shelter the small boy from the bullets, before the
helicopter blew them both to pieces.
‘Do you know,’ he said, ‘that until this moment I believed I
had murdered my mother?’
‘Why did you murder her?’ said Julia, almost asleep.
‘I didn’t murder her. Not physically.’
In the dream he had remembered his last glimpse of his
mother, and within a few moments of waking the cluster of small events surrounding it had all come back. It was a memory that he
must have deliberately pushed out of his consciousness over many
years. He was not certain of the date, but he could not have been
less than ten years old, possibly twelve, when it had happened.
His father had disappeared some time earlier, how much
earlier he could not remember. He remembered better the rackety,
uneasy circumstances of the time: the periodical panics about airraids and the sheltering in Tube stations, the piles of rubble
everywhere, the unintelligible proclamations posted at street
corners, the gangs of youths in shirts all the same colour, the
enormous queues outside the bakeries, the intermittent machinegun fire in the distance — above all, the fact that there was never
enough to eat. He remembered long afternoons spent with other
boys in scrounging round dustbins and rubbish heaps, picking out
the ribs of cabbage leaves, potato peelings, sometimes even scraps
of stale breadcrust from which they carefully scraped away the
cinders; and also in waiting for the passing of trucks which
travelled over a certain route and were known to carry cattle feed,
and which, when they jolted over the bad patches in the road,
sometimes spilt a few fragments of oil-cake.
When his father disappeared, his mother did not show any
surprise or any violent grief, but a sudden change came over her.
She seemed to have become completely spiritless. It was evident
even to Winston that she was waiting for something that she knew
must happen. She did everything that was needed — cooked,
washed, mended, made the bed, swept the floor, dusted the
mantelpiece — always very slowly and with a curious lack of
superfluous motion, like an artist’s lay-figure moving of its own
accord. Her large shapely body seemed to relapse naturally into
stillness. For hours at a time she would sit almost immobile on the bed, nursing his young sister, a tiny, ailing, very silent child of two
or three, with a face made simian by thinness. Very occasionally
she would take Winston in her arms and press him against her for
a long time without saying anything. He was aware, in spite of his
youthfulness and selfishness, that this was somehow connected
with the never-mentioned thing that was about to happen.
He remembered the room where they lived, a dark, closesmelling room that seemed half filled by a bed with a white
counterpane. There was a gas ring in the fender, and a shelf where
food was kept, and on the landing outside there was a brown
earthenware sink, common to several rooms. He remembered his
mother’s statuesque body bending over the gas ring to stir at
something in a saucepan. Above all he remembered his continuous
hunger, and the fierce sordid battles at mealtimes. He would ask
his mother naggingly, over and over again, why there was not more
food, he would shout and storm at her (he even remembered the
tones of his voice, which was beginning to break prematurely and
sometimes boomed in a peculiar way), or he would attempt a
snivelling note of pathos in his efforts to get more than his share.
His mother was quite ready to give him more than his share. She
took it for granted that he, ‘the boy’, should have the biggest
portion; but however much she gave him he invariably demanded
more. At every meal she would beseech him not to be selfish and to
remember that his little sister was sick and also needed food, but it
was no use. He would cry out with rage when she stopped ladling,
he would try to wrench the saucepan and spoon out of her hands,
he would grab bits from his sister’s plate. He knew that he was
starving the other two, but he could not help it; he even felt that he
had a right to do it. The clamorous hunger in his belly seemed to
justify him. Between meals, if his mother did not stand guard, he was constantly pilfering at the wretched store of food on the shelf.
One day a chocolate ration was issued. There had been no such
issue for weeks or months past. He remembered quite clearly that
precious little morsel of chocolate. It was a two-ounce slab (they
still talked about ounces in those days) between the three of them.
It was obvious that it ought to be divided into three equal parts.
Suddenly, as though he were listening to somebody else, Winston
heard himself demanding in a loud booming voice that he should
be given the whole piece. His mother told him not to be greedy.
There was a long, nagging argument that went round and round,
with shouts, whines, tears, remonstrances, bargainings. His tiny
sister, clinging to her mother with both hands, exactly like a baby
monkey, sat looking over her shoulder at him with large, mournful
eyes. In the end his mother broke off three-quarters of the
chocolate and gave it to Winston, giving the other quarter to his
sister. The little girl took hold of it and looked at it dully, perhaps
not knowing what it was. Winston stood watching her for a
moment. Then with a sudden swift spring he had snatched the
piece of chocolate out of his sister’s hand and was fleeing for the
door.
‘Winston, Winston!’ his mother called after him. ‘Come back!
Give your sister back her chocolate!’
He stopped, but did not come back. His mother’s anxious eyes
were fixed on his face. Even now he was thinking about the thing,
he did not know what it was that was on the point of happening.
His sister, conscious of having been robbed of something, had set
up a feeble wail. His mother drew her arm round the child and
pressed its face against her breast. Something in the gesture told
him that his sister was dying. He turned and fled down the stairs,
with the chocolate growing sticky in his hand. He never saw his mother again. After he had devoured the
chocolate he felt somewhat ashamed of himself and hung about in
the streets for several hours, until hunger drove him home. When
he came back his mother had disappeared. This was already
becoming normal at that time. Nothing was gone from the room
except his mother and his sister. They had not taken any clothes,
not even his mother’s overcoat. To this day he did not know with
any certainty that his mother was dead. It was perfectly possible
that she had merely been sent to a forced-labour camp. As for his
sister, she might have been removed, like Winston himself, to one
of the colonies for homeless children (Reclamation Centres, they
were called) which had grown up as a result of the civil war, or she
might have been sent to the labour camp along with his mother, or
simply left somewhere or other to die.
The dream was still vivid in his mind, especially the
enveloping protecting gesture of the arm in which its whole
meaning seemed to be contained. His mind went back to another
dream of two months ago. Exactly as his mother had sat on the
dingy white-quilted bed, with the child clinging to her, so she had
sat in the sunken ship, far underneath him, and drowning deeper
every minute, but still looking up at him through the darkening
water.
He told Julia the story of his mother’s disappearance. Without
opening her eyes she rolled over and settled herself into a more
comfortable position.
‘I expect you were a beastly little swine in those days,’ she said
indistinctly. ‘All children are swine.’
‘Yes. But the real point of the story ——’
From her breathing it was evident that she was going off to
sleep again. He would have liked to continue talking about his mother. He did not suppose, from what he could remember of her,
that she had been an unusual woman, still less an intelligent one;
and yet she had possessed a kind of nobility, a kind of purity,
simply because the standards that she obeyed were private ones.
Her feelings were her own, and could not be altered from outside.
It would not have occurred to her that an action which is
ineffectual thereby becomes meaningless. If you loved someone,
you loved him, and when you had nothing else to give, you still
gave him love. When the last of the chocolate was gone, his mother
had clasped the child in her arms. It was no use, it changed
nothing, it did not produce more chocolate, it did not avert the
child’s death or her own; but it seemed natural to her to do it. The
refugee woman in the boat had also covered the little boy with her
arm, which was no more use against the bullets than a sheet of
paper. The terrible thing that the Party had done was to persuade
you that mere impulses, mere feelings, were of no account, while at
the same time robbing you of all power over the material world.
When once you were in the grip of the Party, what you felt or did
not feel, what you did or refrained from doing, made literally no
difference. Whatever happened you vanished, and neither you nor
your actions were ever heard of again. You were lifted clean out of
the stream of history. And yet to the people of only two generations
ago this would not have seemed all-important, because they were
not attempting to alter history. They were governed by private
loyalties which they did not question. What mattered were
individual relationships, and a completely helpless gesture, an
embrace, a tear, a word spoken to a dying man, could have value in
itself. The proles, it suddenly occurred to him, had remained in this
condition. They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea,
they were loyal to one another. For the first time in his life he did
not despise the proles or think of them merely as an inert force which would one day spring to life and regenerate the world. The
proles had stayed human. They had not become hardened inside.
They had held on to the primitive emotions which he himself had
to re-learn by conscious effort. And in thinking this he
remembered, without apparent relevance, how a few weeks ago he
had seen a severed hand lying on the pavement and had kicked it
into the gutter as though it had been a cabbage-stalk.
‘The proles are human beings,’ he said aloud. ‘We are not
human.’
‘Why not?’ said Julia, who had woken up again.
He thought for a little while. ‘Has it ever occurred to you,’ he
said, ‘that the best thing for us to do would be simply to walk out of
here before it’s too late, and never see each other again?’
‘Yes, dear, it has occurred to me, several times. But I’m not
going to do it, all the same.’
‘We’ve been lucky,’ he said ‘but it can’t last much longer.
You’re young. You look normal and innocent. If you keep clear of
people like me, you might stay alive for another fifty years.’
‘No. I’ve thought it all out. What you do, I’m going to do. And
don’t be too downhearted. I’m rather good at staying alive.’
‘We may be together for another six months — a year — there’s
no knowing. At the end we’re certain to be apart. Do you realize
how utterly alone we shall be? When once they get hold of us there
will be nothing, literally nothing, that either of us can do for the
other. If I confess, they’ll shoot you, and if I refuse to confess,
they’ll shoot you just the same. Nothing that I can do or say, or
stop myself from saying, will put off your death for as much as five
minutes. Neither of us will even know whether the other is alive or
dead. We shall be utterly without power of any kind. The one thing
that matters is that we shouldn’t betray one another, although even that can’t make the slightest difference.’
‘If you mean confessing,’ she said, ‘we shall do that, right
enough. Everybody always confesses. You can’t help it. They
torture you.’
‘I don’t mean confessing. Confession is not betrayal. What you
say or do doesn’t matter: only feelings matter. If they could make
me stop loving you — that would be the real betrayal.’
She thought it over. ‘They can’t do that,’ she said finally. ‘It’s
the one thing they can’t do. They can make you say anything —
ANYTHING— but they can’t make you believe it. They can’t get
inside you.’
‘No,’ he said a little more hopefully, ‘no; that’s quite true. They
can’t get inside you. If you can FEEL that staying human is worth
while, even when it can’t have any result whatever, you’ve beaten
them.’
He thought of the telescreen with its never-sleeping ear. They
could spy upon you night and day, but if you kept your head you
could still outwit them. With all their cleverness they had never
mastered the secret of finding out what another human being was
thinking. Perhaps that was less true when you were actually in
their hands. One did not know what happened inside the Ministry
of Love, but it was possible to guess: tortures, drugs, delicate
instruments that registered your nervous reactions, gradual
wearing-down by sleeplessness and solitude and persistent
questioning. Facts, at any rate, could not be kept hidden. They
could be tracked down by enquiry, they could be squeezed out of
you by torture. But if the object was not to stay alive but to stay
human, what difference did it ultimately make? They could not
alter your feelings: for that matter you could not alter them
yourself, even if you wanted to. They could lay bare in the utmost detail everything that you had done or said or thought; but the
inner heart, whose workings were mysterious even to yourself,
remained impregnable.

CHAPTER 8

They had done it, they had done it at last!
The room they were standing in was long-shaped and
softly lit. The telescreen was dimmed to a low murmur; the
richness of the dark-blue carpet gave one the impression of
treading on velvet. At the far end of the room O’Brien was sitting at
a table under a green-shaded lamp, with a mass of papers on either
side of him. He had not bothered to look up when the servant
showed Julia and Winston in.
Winston’s heart was thumping so hard that he doubted
whether he would be able to speak. They had done it, they had
done it at last, was all he could think. It had been a rash act to
come here at all, and sheer folly to arrive together; though it was
true that they had come by different routes and only met on
O’Brien’s doorstep. But merely to walk into such a place needed an
effort of the nerve. It was only on very rare occasions that one saw
inside the dwelling-places of the Inner Party, or even penetrated
into the quarter of the town where they lived. The whole
atmosphere of the huge block of flats, the richness and
spaciousness of everything, the unfamiliar smells of good food and
good tobacco, the silent and incredibly rapid lifts sliding up and
down, the white-jacketed servants hurrying to and fro — everything
was intimidating. Although he had a good pretext for coming here,
he was haunted at every step by the fear that a black-uniformed
guard would suddenly appear from round the corner, demand his
papers, and order him to get out. O’Brien’s servant, however, had admitted the two of them without demur. He was a small, darkhaired man in a white jacket, with a diamond-shaped, completely
expressionless face which might have been that of a Chinese. The
passage down which he led them was softly carpeted, with creampapered walls and white wainscoting, all exquisitely clean. That too
was intimidating. Winston could not remember ever to have seen a
passageway whose walls were not grimy from the contact of human
bodies.
O’Brien had a slip of paper between his fingers and seemed to
be studying it intently. His heavy face, bent down so that one could
see the line of the nose, looked both formidable and intelligent. For
perhaps twenty seconds he sat without stirring. Then he pulled the
speakwrite towards him and rapped out a message in the hybrid
jargon of the Ministries:
‘Items one comma five comma seven approved fullwise stop
suggestion contained item six doubleplus ridiculous verging
crimethink cancel stop unproceed constructionwise antegetting
plusfull estimates machinery overheads stop end message.’
He rose deliberately from his chair and came towards them
across the soundless carpet. A little of the official atmosphere
seemed to have fallen away from him with the Newspeak words,
but his expression was grimmer than usual, as though he were not
pleased at being disturbed. The terror that Winston already felt was
suddenly shot through by a streak of ordinary embarrassment. It
seemed to him quite possible that he had simply made a stupid
mistake. For what evidence had he in reality that O’Brien was any
kind of political conspirator? Nothing but a flash of the eyes and a
single equivocal remark: beyond that, only his own secret
imaginings, founded on a dream. He could not even fall back on the
pretence that he had come to borrow the dictionary, because in that case Julia’s presence was impossible to explain. As O’Brien passed
the telescreen a thought seemed to strike him. He stopped, turned
aside and pressed a switch on the wall. There was a sharp snap. The
voice had stopped.
Julia uttered a tiny sound, a sort of squeak of surprise. Even in
the midst of his panic, Winston was too much taken aback to be
able to hold his tongue.
‘You can turn it off!’ he said.
‘Yes,’ said O’Brien, ‘we can turn it off. We have that privilege.’
He was opposite them now. His solid form towered over the
pair of them, and the expression on his face was still
indecipherable. He was waiting, somewhat sternly, for Winston to
speak, but about what? Even now it was quite conceivable that he
was simply a busy man wondering irritably why he had been
interrupted. Nobody spoke. After the stopping of the telescreen the
room seemed deadly silent. The seconds marched past, enormous.
With difficulty Winston continued to keep his eyes fixed on
O’Brien’s. Then suddenly the grim face broke down into what
might have been the beginnings of a smile. With his characteristic
gesture O’Brien resettled his spectacles on his nose.
‘Shall I say it, or will you?’ he said.
‘I will say it,’ said Winston promptly. ‘That thing is really
turned off?’
‘Yes, everything is turned off. We are alone.’
‘We have come here because ——’
He paused, realizing for the first time the vagueness of his
own motives. Since he did not in fact know what kind of help he
expected from O’Brien, it was not easy to say why he had come
here. He went on, conscious that what he was saying must sound both feeble and pretentious:
‘We believe that there is some kind of conspiracy, some kind
of secret organization working against the Party, and that you are
involved in it. We want to join it and work for it. We are enemies of
the Party. We disbelieve in the principles of Ingsoc. We are
thought-criminals. We are also adulterers. I tell you this because
we want to put ourselves at your mercy. If you want us to
incriminate ourselves in any other way, we are ready.’
He stopped and glanced over his shoulder, with the feeling
that the door had opened. Sure enough, the little yellow-faced
servant had come in without knocking. Winston saw that he was
carrying a tray with a decanter and glasses.
‘Martin is one of us,’ said O’Brien impassively. ‘Bring the
drinks over here, Martin. Put them on the round table. Have we
enough chairs? Then we may as well sit down and talk in comfort.
Bring a chair for yourself, Martin. This is business. You can stop
being a servant for the next ten minutes.’
The little man sat down, quite at his ease, and yet still with a
servant-like air, the air of a valet enjoying a privilege. Winston
regarded him out of the corner of his eye. It struck him that the
man’s whole life was playing a part, and that he felt it to be
dangerous to drop his assumed personality even for a moment.
O’Brien took the decanter by the neck and filled up the glasses with
a dark-red liquid. It aroused in Winston dim memories of
something seen long ago on a wall or a hoarding — a vast bottle
composed of electric lights which seemed to move up and down
and pour its contents into a glass. Seen from the top the stuff
looked almost black, but in the decanter it gleamed like a ruby. It
had a sour-sweet smell. He saw Julia pick up her glass and sniff at
it with frank curiosity. ‘It is called wine,’ said O’Brien with a faint smile. ‘You will
have read about it in books, no doubt. Not much of it gets to the
Outer Party, I am afraid.’ His face grew solemn again, and he raised
his glass: ‘I think it is fitting that we should begin by drinking a
health. To our Leader: To Emmanuel Goldstein.’
Winston took up his glass with a certain eagerness. Wine was
a thing he had read and dreamed about. Like the glass paperweight
or Mr Charrington’s half-remembered rhymes, it belonged to the
vanished, romantic past, the olden time as he liked to call it in his
secret thoughts. For some reason he had always thought of wine as
having an intensely sweet taste, like that of blackberry jam and an
immediate intoxicating effect. Actually, when he came to swallow
it, the stuff was distinctly disappointing. The truth was that after
years of gin-drinking he could barely taste it. He set down the
empty glass.
‘Then there is such a person as Goldstein?’ he said.
‘Yes, there is such a person, and he is alive. Where, I do not
know.’
‘And the conspiracy — the organization? Is it real? It is not
simply an invention of the Thought Police?’
‘No, it is real. The Brotherhood, we call it. You will never learn
much more about the Brotherhood than that it exists and that you
belong to it. I will come back to that presently.’ He looked at his
wrist-watch. ‘It is unwise even for members of the Inner Party to
turn off the telescreen for more than half an hour. You ought not
to have come here together, and you will have to leave separately.
You, comrade’— he bowed his head to Julia —‘will leave first. We
have about twenty minutes at our disposal. You will understand
that I must start by asking you certain questions. In general terms,
what are you prepared to do?’ ‘Anything that we are capable of,’ said Winston.
O’Brien had turned himself a little in his chair so that he was
facing Winston. He almost ignored Julia, seeming to take it for
granted that Winston could speak for her. For a moment the lids
flitted down over his eyes. He began asking his questions in a low,
expressionless voice, as though this were a routine, a sort of
catechism, most of whose answers were known to him already.
‘You are prepared to give your lives?’
‘Yes.’
‘You are prepared to commit murder?’
‘Yes.’
‘To commit acts of sabotage which may cause the death of
hundreds of innocent people?’
‘Yes.’
‘To betray your country to foreign powers?’
‘Yes.’
‘You are prepared to cheat, to forge, to blackmail, to corrupt
the minds of children, to distribute habit-forming drugs, to
encourage prostitution, to disseminate venereal diseases — to do
anything which is likely to cause demoralization and weaken the
power of the Party?’
‘Yes.’
‘If, for example, it would somehow serve our interests to throw
sulphuric acid in a child’s face — are you prepared to do that?’
‘Yes.’
‘You are prepared to lose your identity and live out the rest of
your life as a waiter or a dock-worker?’
‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared to commit suicide, if and when we order you
to do so?’
‘Yes.’
‘You are prepared, the two of you, to separate and never see
one another again?’
‘No!’ broke in Julia.
It appeared to Winston that a long time passed before he
answered. For a moment he seemed even to have been deprived of
the power of speech. His tongue worked soundlessly, forming the
opening syllables first of one word, then of the other, over and over
again. Until he had said it, he did not know which word he was
going to say. ‘No,’ he said finally.
‘You did well to tell me,’ said O’Brien. ‘It is necessary for us to
know everything.’
He turned himself toward Julia and added in a voice with
somewhat more expression in it:
‘Do you understand that even if he survives, it may be as a
different person? We may be obliged to give him a new identity.
His face, his movements, the shape of his hands, the colour of his
hair — even his voice would be different. And you yourself might
have become a different person. Our surgeons can alter people
beyond recognition. Sometimes it is necessary. Sometimes we even
amputate a limb.’
Winston could not help snatching another sidelong glance at
Martin’s Mongolian face. There were no scars that he could see.
Julia had turned a shade paler, so that her freckles were showing,
but she faced O’Brien boldly. She murmured something that
seemed to be assent.
‘Good. Then that is settled.’ There was a silver box of cigarettes on the table. With a rather
absent-minded air O’Brien pushed them towards the others, took
one himself, then stood up and began to pace slowly to and fro, as
though he could think better standing. They were very good
cigarettes, very thick and well-packed, with an unfamiliar silkiness
in the paper. O’Brien looked at his wrist-watch again.
‘You had better go back to your Pantry, Martin,’ he said. ‘I shall
switch on in a quarter of an hour. Take a good look at these
comrades’ faces before you go. You will be seeing them again. I
may not.’
Exactly as they had done at the front door, the little man’s dark
eyes flickered over their faces. There was not a trace of friendliness
in his manner. He was memorizing their appearance, but he felt no
interest in them, or appeared to feel none. It occurred to Winston
that a synthetic face was perhaps incapable of changing its
expression. Without speaking or giving any kind of salutation,
Martin went out, closing the door silently behind him. O’Brien was
strolling up and down, one hand in the pocket of his black overalls,
the other holding his cigarette.
‘You understand,’ he said, ‘that you will be fighting in the dark.
You will always be in the dark. You will receive orders and you will
obey them, without knowing why. Later I shall send you a book
from which you will learn the true nature of the society we live in,
and the strategy by which we shall destroy it. When you have read
the book, you will be full members of the Brotherhood. But
between the general aims that we are fighting for and the
immediate tasks of the moment, you will never know anything. I
tell you that the Brotherhood exists, but I cannot tell you whether
it numbers a hundred members, or ten million. From your
personal knowledge you will never be able to say that it numbers even as many as a dozen. You will have three or four contacts, who
will be renewed from time to time as they disappear. As this was
your first contact, it will be preserved. When you receive orders,
they will come from me. If we find it necessary to communicate
with you, it will be through Martin. When you are finally caught,
you will confess. That is unavoidable. But you will have very little
to confess, other than your own actions. You will not be able to
betray more than a handful of unimportant people. Probably you
will not even betray me. By that time I may be dead, or I shall have
become a different person, with a different face.’
He continued to move to and fro over the soft carpet. In spite
of the bulkiness of his body there was a remarkable grace in his
movements. It came out even in the gesture with which he thrust a
hand into his pocket, or manipulated a cigarette. More even than of
strength, he gave an impression of confidence and of an
understanding tinged by irony. However much in earnest he might
be, he had nothing of the single-mindedness that belongs to a
fanatic. When he spoke of murder, suicide, venereal disease,
amputated limbs, and altered faces, it was with a faint air of
persiflage. ‘This is unavoidable,’ his voice seemed to say; ‘this is
what we have got to do, unflinchingly. But this is not what we shall
be doing when life is worth living again.’ A wave of admiration,
almost of worship, flowed out from Winston towards O’Brien. For
the moment he had forgotten the shadowy figure of Goldstein.
When you looked at O’Brien’s powerful shoulders and his bluntfeatured face, so ugly and yet so civilized, it was impossible to
believe that he could be defeated. There was no stratagem that he
was not equal to, no danger that he could not foresee. Even Julia
seemed to be impressed. She had let her cigarette go out and was
listening intently. O’Brien went on: ‘You will have heard rumours of the existence of the
Brotherhood. No doubt you have formed your own picture of it.
You have imagined, probably, a huge underworld of conspirators,
meeting secretly in cellars, scribbling messages on walls,
recognizing one another by codewords or by special movements of
the hand. Nothing of the kind exists. The members of the
Brotherhood have no way of recognizing one another, and it is
impossible for any one member to be aware of the identity of more
than a few others. Goldstein himself, if he fell into the hands of the
Thought Police, could not give them a complete list of members, or
any information that would lead them to a complete list. No such
list exists. The Brotherhood cannot be wiped out because it is not
an organization in the ordinary sense. Nothing holds it together
except an idea which is indestructible. You will never have
anything to sustain you, except the idea. You will get no
comradeship and no encouragement. When finally you are caught,
you will get no help. We never help our members. At most, when it
is absolutely necessary that someone should be silenced, we are
occasionally able to smuggle a razor blade into a prisoner’s cell.
You will have to get used to living without results and without
hope. You will work for a while, you will be caught, you will
confess, and then you will die. Those are the only results that you
will ever see. There is no possibility that any perceptible change
will happen within our own lifetime. We are the dead. Our only
true life is in the future. We shall take part in it as handfuls of dust
and splinters of bone. But how far away that future may be, there is
no knowing. It might be a thousand years. At present nothing is
possible except to extend the area of sanity little by little. We
cannot act collectively. We can only spread our knowledge
outwards from individual to individual, generation after
generation. In the face of the Thought Police there is no other way.’ He halted and looked for the third time at his wrist-watch.
‘It is almost time for you to leave, comrade,’ he said to Julia.
‘Wait. The decanter is still half full.’
He filled the glasses and raised his own glass by the stem.
‘What shall it be this time?’ he said, still with the same faint
suggestion of irony. ‘To the confusion of the Thought Police? To
the death of Big Brother? To humanity? To the future?’
‘To the past,’ said Winston.
‘The past is more important,’ agreed O’Brien gravely.
They emptied their glasses, and a moment later Julia stood up
to go. O’Brien took a small box from the top of a cabinet and
handed her a flat white tablet which he told her to place on her
tongue. It was important, he said, not to go out smelling of wine:
the lift attendants were very observant. As soon as the door had
shut behind her he appeared to forget her existence. He took
another pace or two up and down, then stopped.
‘There are details to be settled,’ he said. ‘I assume that you
have a hiding-place of some kind?’
Winston explained about the room over Mr Charrington’s
shop.
‘That will do for the moment. Later we will arrange something
else for you. It is important to change one’s hiding-place
frequently. Meanwhile I shall send you a copy of THE BOOK’—
even O’Brien, Winston noticed, seemed to pronounce the words as
though they were in italics —‘Goldstein’s book, you understand, as
soon as possible. It may be some days before I can get hold of one.
There are not many in existence, as you can imagine. The Thought
Police hunt them down and destroy them almost as fast as we can
produce them. It makes very little difference. The book is indestructible. If the last copy were gone, we could reproduce it
almost word for word. Do you carry a brief-case to work with you?’
he added.
‘As a rule, yes.’
‘What is it like?’
‘Black, very shabby. With two straps.’
‘Black, two straps, very shabby — good. One day in the fairly
near future — I cannot give a date — one of the messages among
your morning’s work will contain a misprinted word, and you will
have to ask for a repeat. On the following day you will go to work
without your brief-case. At some time during the day, in the street,
a man will touch you on the arm and say “I think you have dropped
your brief-case.” The one he gives you will contain a copy of
Goldstein’s book. You will return it within fourteen days.’
They were silent for a moment.
‘There are a couple of minutes before you need go,’ said
O’Brien. ‘We shall meet again — if we do meet again ——’
Winston looked up at him. ‘In the place where there is no
darkness?’ he said hesitantly.
O’Brien nodded without appearance of surprise. ‘In the place
where there is no darkness,’ he said, as though he had recognized
the allusion. ‘And in the meantime, is there anything that you wish
to say before you leave? Any message? Any question?.’
Winston thought. There did not seem to be any further
question that he wanted to ask: still less did he feel any impulse to
utter high-sounding generalities. Instead of anything directly
connected with O’Brien or the Brotherhood, there came into his
mind a sort of composite picture of the dark bedroom where his
mother had spent her last days, and the little room over Mr Charrington’s shop, and the glass paperweight, and the steel
engraving in its rosewood frame. Almost at random he said:
‘Did you ever happen to hear an old rhyme that begins
“Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement’s”?’
Again O’Brien nodded. With a sort of grave courtesy he
completed the stanza:

‘Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St
Clement’s,
You owe me three farthings, say the bells of St
Martin’s,
When will you pay me? say the bells of Old
Bailey,
When I grow rich, say the bells of Shoreditch.’

‘You knew the last line!’ said Winston.
‘Yes, I knew the last line. And now, I am afraid, it is time for
you to go. But wait. You had better let me give you one of these
tablets.’
As Winston stood up O’Brien held out a hand. His powerful
grip crushed the bones of Winston’s palm. At the door Winston
looked back, but O’Brien seemed already to be in process of putting
him out of mind. He was waiting with his hand on the switch that
controlled the telescreen. Beyond him Winston could see the
writing-table with its green-shaded lamp and the speakwrite and
the wire baskets deep-laden with papers. The incident was closed.
Within thirty seconds, it occurred to him, O’Brien would be back at
his interrupted and important work on behalf of the Party.

CHAPTER 9

Winston was gelatinous with fatigue. Gelatinous was theright word. It had come into his head spontaneously.His body seemed to have not only the weakness of ajelly, but its translucency. He felt that if he held up his hand hewould be able to see the light through it. All the blood and lymphhad been drained out of him by an enormous debauch of work,leaving only a frail structure of nerves, bones, and skin. Allsensations seemed to be magnified. His overalls fretted hisshoulders, the pavement tickled his feet, even the opening andclosing of a hand was an effort that made his joints creak.He had worked more than ninety hours in five days. So hadeveryone else in the Ministry. Now it was all over, and he hadliterally nothing to do, no Party work of any description, untiltomorrow morning. He could spend six hours in the hiding-placeand another nine in his own bed. Slowly, in mild afternoonsunshine, he walked up a dingy street in the direction of MrCharrington’s shop, keeping one eye open for the patrols, butirrationally convinced that this afternoon there was no danger ofanyone interfering with him. The heavy brief-case that he wascarrying bumped against his knee at each step, sending a tinglingsensation up and down the skin of his leg. Inside it was the book,which he had now had in his possession for six days and had notyet opened, nor even looked at.On the sixth day of Hate Week, after the processions, thespeeches, the shouting, the singing, the banners, the posters, the films, the waxworks, the rolling of drums and squealing oftrumpets, the tramp of marching feet, the grinding of thecaterpillars of tanks, the roar of massed planes, the booming ofguns — after six days of this, when the great orgasm was quiveringto its climax and the general hatred of Eurasia had boiled up intosuch delirium that if the crowd could have got their hands on the2,000 Eurasian war-criminals who were to be publicly hanged onthe last day of the proceedings, they would unquestionably havetorn them to pieces — at just this moment it had been announcedthat Oceania was not after all at war with Eurasia. Oceania was atwar with Eastasia. Eurasia was an ally.There was, of course, no admission that any change had takenplace. Merely it became known, with extreme suddenness andeverywhere at once, that Eastasia and not Eurasia was the enemy.Winston was taking part in a demonstration in one of the centralLondon squares at the moment when it happened. It was night,and the white faces and the scarlet banners were luridly floodlit.The square was packed with several thousand people, including ablock of about a thousand schoolchildren in the uniform of theSpies. On a scarlet-draped platform an orator of the Inner Party, asmall lean man with disproportionately long arms and a large baldskull over which a few lank locks straggled, was haranguing thecrowd. A little Rumpelstiltskin figure, contorted with hatred, hegripped the neck of the microphone with one hand while the other,enormous at the end of a bony arm, clawed the air menacinglyabove his head. His voice, made metallic by the amplifiers, boomedforth an endless catalogue of atrocities, massacres, deportations,lootings, rapings, torture of prisoners, bombing of civilians, lyingpropaganda, unjust aggressions, broken treaties. It was almostimpossible to listen to him without being first convinced and then maddened. At every few moments the fury of the crowd boiled overand the voice of the speaker was drowned by a wild beast-likeroaring that rose uncontrollably from thousands of throats. Themost savage yells of all came from the schoolchildren. The speechhad been proceeding for perhaps twenty minutes when amessenger hurried on to the platform and a scrap of paper wasslipped into the speaker’s hand. He unrolled and read it withoutpausing in his speech. Nothing altered in his voice or manner, or inthe content of what he was saying, but suddenly the names weredifferent. Without words said, a wave of understanding rippledthrough the crowd. Oceania was at war with Eastasia! The nextmoment there was a tremendous commotion. The banners andposters with which the square was decorated were all wrong! Quitehalf of them had the wrong faces on them. It was sabotage! Theagents of Goldstein had been at work! There was a riotousinterlude while posters were ripped from the walls, banners torn toshreds and trampled underfoot. The Spies performed prodigies ofactivity in clambering over the rooftops and cutting the streamersthat fluttered from the chimneys. But within two or three minutesit was all over. The orator, still gripping the neck of themicrophone, his shoulders hunched forward, his free hand clawingat the air, had gone straight on with his speech. One minute more,and the feral roars of rage were again bursting from the crowd. TheHate continued exactly as before, except that the target had beenchanged.The thing that impressed Winston in looking back was that thespeaker had switched from one line to the other actually inmidsentence, not only without a pause, but without even breakingthe syntax. But at the moment he had other things to preoccupyhim. It was during the moment of disorder while the posters were being torn down that a man whose face he did not see had tappedhim on the shoulder and said, ‘Excuse me, I think you’ve droppedyour brief-case.’ He took the brief-case abstractedly, withoutspeaking. He knew that it would be days before he had anopportunity to look inside it. The instant that the demonstrationwas over he went straight to the Ministry of Truth, though the timewas now nearly twenty-three hours. The entire staff of the Ministryhad done likewise. The orders already issuing from the telescreen,recalling them to their posts, were hardly necessary.Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been atwar with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of fiveyears was now completely obsolete. Reports and records of allkinds, newspapers, books, pamphlets, films, sound-tracks,photographs — all had to be rectified at lightning speed. Althoughno directive was ever issued, it was known that the chiefs of theDepartment intended that within one week no reference to the warwith Eurasia, or the alliance with Eastasia, should remain inexistence anywhere. The work was overwhelming, all the more sobecause the processes that it involved could not be called by theirtrue names. Everyone in the Records Department worked eighteenhours in the twenty-four, with two three-hour snatches of sleep.Mattresses were brought up from the cellars and pitched all overthe corridors: meals consisted of sandwiches and Victory Coffeewheeled round on trolleys by attendants from the canteen. Eachtime that Winston broke off for one of his spells of sleep he tried toleave his desk clear of work, and each time that he crawled backsticky-eyed and aching, it was to find that another shower of papercylinders had covered the desk like a snowdrift, half-burying thespeakwrite and overflowing on to the floor, so that the first job wasalways to stack them into a neat enough pile to give him room to work. What was worst of all was that the work was by no meanspurely mechanical. Often it was enough merely to substitute onename for another, but any detailed report of events demanded careand imagination. Even the geographical knowledge that one neededin transferring the war from one part of the world to another wasconsiderable.By the third day his eyes ached unbearably and his spectaclesneeded wiping every few minutes. It was like struggling with somecrushing physical task, something which one had the right torefuse and which one was nevertheless neurotically anxious toaccomplish. In so far as he had time to remember it, he was nottroubled by the fact that every word he murmured into thespeakwrite, every stroke of his ink-pencil, was a deliberate lie. Hewas as anxious as anyone else in the Department that the forgeryshould be perfect. On the morning of the sixth day the dribble ofcylinders slowed down. For as much as half an hour nothing cameout of the tube; then one more cylinder, then nothing. Everywhereat about the same time the work was easing off. A deep and as itwere secret sigh went through the Department. A mighty deed,which could never be mentioned, had been achieved. It was nowimpossible for any human being to prove by documentary evidencethat the war with Eurasia had ever happened. At twelve hundred itwas unexpectedly announced that all workers in the Ministry werefree till tomorrow morning. Winston, still carrying the brief-casecontaining the book, which had remained between his feet while heworked and under his body while he slept, went home, shavedhimself, and almost fell asleep in his bath, although the water wasbarely more than tepid.With a sort of voluptuous creaking in his joints he climbed thestair above Mr Charrington’s shop. He was tired, but not sleepy any longer. He opened the window, lit the dirty little oilstove and puton a pan of water for coffee. Julia would arrive presently:meanwhile there was the book. He sat down in the sluttisharmchair and undid the straps of the brief-case.A heavy black volume, amateurishly bound, with no name ortitle on the cover. The print also looked slightly irregular. Thepages were worn at the edges, and fell apart, easily, as though thebook had passed through many hands. The inscription on the titlepage ran:

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OFOLIGARCHICAL COLLECTIVISMBYEMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

Winston began reading:

Chapter IIGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of theNeolithic Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world,the High, the Middle, and the Low. They have been subdivided inmany ways, they have borne countless different names, and theirrelative numbers, as well as their attitude towards one another, havevaried from age to age: but the essential structure of society hasnever altered. Even after enormous upheavals and seeminglyirrevocable changes, the same pattern has always reasserted itself,just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibrium, however far itis pushed one way or the other.The aims of these groups are entirely irreconcilable . . .Winston stopped reading, chiefly in order to appreciate the factthat he was reading, in comfort and safety. He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glanceover his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. The sweetsummer air played against his cheek. From somewhere far awaythere floated the faint shouts of children: in the room itself therewas no sound except the insect voice of the clock. He settled deeperinto the arm-chair and put his feet up on the fender. It was bliss, itwas eternity. Suddenly, as one sometimes does with a book ofwhich one knows that one will ultimately read and re-read everyword, he opened it at a different place and found himself atChapter III. He went on reading:

Chapter IIIWAR IS PEACE

The splitting up of the world into three great super-states was anevent which could be and indeed was foreseen before the middle ofthe twentieth century. With the absorption of Europe by Russia andof the British Empire by the United States, two of the three existingpowers, Eurasia and Oceania, were already effectively in being. Thethird, Eastasia, only emerged as a distinct unit after another decadeof confused fighting. The frontiers between the three super-statesare in some places arbitrary, and in others they fluctuate accordingto the fortunes of war, but in general they follow geographical lines.Eurasia comprises the whole of the northern part of the Europeanand Asiatic land-mass, from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceaniacomprises the Americas, the Atlantic islands including the BritishIsles, Australasia, and the southern portion of Africa. Eastasia,smaller than the others and with a less definite western frontier,comprises China and the countries to the south of it, the Japaneseislands and a large but fluctuating portion of Manchuria, Mongolia,and Tibet.In one combination or another, these three super-states arepermanently at war, and have been so for the past twenty-five years. War, however, is no longer the desperate, annihilating struggle thatit was in the early decades of the twentieth century. It is a warfare oflimited aims between combatants who are unable to destroy oneanother, have no material cause for fighting and are not divided byany genuine ideological difference. This is not to say that either theconduct of war, or the prevailing attitude towards it, has become lessbloodthirsty or more chivalrous. On the contrary, war hysteria iscontinuous and universal in all countries, and such acts as raping,looting, the slaughter of children, the reduction of wholepopulations to slavery, and reprisals against prisoners which extendeven to boiling and burying alive, are looked upon as normal, and,when they are committed by one’s own side and not by the enemy,meritorious. But in a physical sense war involves very smallnumbers of people, mostly highly-trained specialists, and causescomparatively few casualties. The fighting, when there is any, takesplace on the vague frontiers whose whereabouts the average mancan only guess at, or round the Floating Fortresses which guardstrategic spots on the sea lanes. In the centres of civilization warmeans no more than a continuous shortage of consumption goods,and the occasional crash of a rocket bomb which may cause a fewscores of deaths. War has in fact changed its character. Moreexactly, the reasons for which war is waged have changed in theirorder of importance. Motives which were already present to somesmall extent in the great wars of the early twentieth century havenow become dominant and are consciously recognized and actedupon.To understand the nature of the present war — for in spite ofthe regrouping which occurs every few years, it is always the samewar — one must realize in the first place that it is impossible for it tobe decisive. None of the three super-states could be definitivelyconquered even by the other two in combination. They are tooevenly matched, and their natural defences are too formidable.Eurasia is protected by its vast land spaces, Oceania by the width ofthe Atlantic and the Pacific, Eastasia by the fecundity and industriousness of its inhabitants. Secondly, there is no longer, in amaterial sense, anything to fight about. With the establishment ofself-contained economies, in which production and consumptionare geared to one another, the scramble for markets which was amain cause of previous wars has come to an end, while thecompetition for raw materials is no longer a matter of life and death.In any case each of the three super-states is so vast that it can obtainalmost all the materials that it needs within its own boundaries. Inso far as the war has a direct economic purpose, it is a war for labourpower. Between the frontiers of the super-states, and notpermanently in the possession of any of them, there lies a roughquadrilateral with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, andHong Kong, containing within it about a fifth of the population ofthe earth. It is for the possession of these thickly-populated regions,and of the northern ice-cap, that the three powers are constantlystruggling. In practice no one power ever controls the whole of thedisputed area. Portions of it are constantly changing hands, and it isthe chance of seizing this or that fragment by a sudden stroke oftreachery that dictates the endless changes of alignment.All of the disputed territories contain valuable minerals, andsome of them yield important vegetable products such as rubberwhich in colder climates it is necessary to synthesize bycomparatively expensive methods. But above all they contain abottomless reserve of cheap labour. Whichever power controlsequatorial Africa, or the countries of the Middle East, or SouthernIndia, or the Indonesian Archipelago, disposes also of the bodies ofscores or hundreds of millions of ill-paid and hard-working coolies.The inhabitants of these areas, reduced more or less openly to thestatus of slaves, pass continually from conqueror to conqueror, andare expended like so much coal or oil in the race to turn out morearmaments, to capture more territory, to control more labourpower, to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory, andso on indefinitely. It should be noted that the fighting never reallymoves beyond the edges of the disputed areas. The frontiers of Eurasia flow back and forth between the basin of the Congo and thenorthern shore of the Mediterranean; the islands of the IndianOcean and the Pacific are constantly being captured and recapturedby Oceania or by Eastasia; in Mongolia the dividing line betweenEurasia and Eastasia is never stable; round the Pole all three powerslay claim to enormous territories which in fact are largelyuninhabited and unexplored: but the balance of power alwaysremains roughly even, and the territory which forms the heartlandof each super-state always remains inviolate. Moreover, the labourof the exploited peoples round the Equator is not really necessary tothe world’s economy. They add nothing to the wealth of the world,since whatever they produce is used for purposes of war, and theobject of waging a war is always to be in a better position in which towage another war. By their labour the slave populations allow thetempo of continuous warfare to be speeded up. But if they did notexist, the structure of world society, and the process by which itmaintains itself, would not be essentially different.The primary aim of modern warfare (in accordance with theprinciples of DOUBLETHINK, this aim is simultaneouslyrecognized and not recognized by the directing brains of the InnerParty) is to use up the products of the machine without raising thegeneral standard of living. Ever since the end of the nineteenthcentury, the problem of what to do with the surplus of consumptiongoods has been latent in industrial society. At present, when fewhuman beings even have enough to eat, this problem is obviouslynot urgent, and it might not have become so, even if no artificialprocesses of destruction had been at work. The world of today is abare, hungry, dilapidated place compared with the world that existedbefore 1914, and still more so if compared with the imaginary futureto which the people of that period looked forward. In the earlytwentieth century, the vision of a future society unbelievably rich,leisured, orderly, and efficient — a glittering antiseptic world of glassand steel and snow-white concrete — was part of the consciousnessof nearly every literate person. Science and technology were developing at a prodigious speed, and it seemed natural to assumethat they would go on developing. This failed to happen, partlybecause of the impoverishment caused by a long series of wars andrevolutions, partly because scientific and technical progressdepended on the empirical habit of thought, which could notsurvive in a strictly regimented society. As a whole the world is moreprimitive today than it was fifty years ago. Certain backward areashave advanced, and various devices, always in some way connectedwith warfare and police espionage, have been developed, butexperiment and invention have largely stopped, and the ravages ofthe atomic war of the nineteen-fifties have never been fullyrepaired. Nevertheless the dangers inherent in the machine are stillthere. From the moment when the machine first made itsappearance it was clear to all thinking people that the need forhuman drudgery, and therefore to a great extent for humaninequality, had disappeared. If the machine were used deliberatelyfor that end, hunger, overwork, dirt, illiteracy, and disease could beeliminated within a few generations. And in fact, without being usedfor any such purpose, but by a sort of automatic process — byproducing wealth which it was sometimes impossible not todistribute — the machine did raise the living standards of theaverage human being very greatly over a period of about fifty yearsat the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentiethcenturies.But it was also clear that an all-round increase in wealththreatened the destruction — indeed, in some sense was thedestruction — of a hierarchical society. In a world in which everyoneworked short hours, had enough to eat, lived in a house with abathroom and a refrigerator, and possessed a motor-car or even anaeroplane, the most obvious and perhaps the most important formof inequality would already have disappeared. If it once becamegeneral, wealth would confer no distinction.

It was possible, nodoubt, to imagine a society in which WEALTH, in the sense ofpersonal possessions and luxuries, should be evenly distributed, while POWER remained in the hands of a small privileged caste. Butin practice such a society could not long remain stable. For if leisureand security were enjoyed by all alike, the great mass of humanbeings who are normally stupefied by poverty would become literateand would learn to think for themselves; and when once they haddone this, they would sooner or later realize that the privilegedminority had no function, and they would sweep it away. In the longrun, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of povertyand ignorance. To return to the agricultural past, as some thinkersabout the beginning of the twentieth century dreamed of doing, wasnot a practicable solution. It conflicted with the tendency towardsmechanization which had become quasi-instinctive throughoutalmost the whole world, and moreover, any country which remainedindustrially backward was helpless in a military sense and wasbound to be dominated, directly or indirectly, by its more advancedrivals.Nor was it a satisfactory solution to keep the masses in povertyby restricting the output of goods. This happened to a great extentduring the final phase of capitalism, roughly between 1920 and1940. The economy of many countries was allowed to stagnate, landwent out of cultivation, capital equipment was not added to, greatblocks of the population were prevented from working and kept halfalive by State charity. But this, too, entailed military weakness, andsince the privations it inflicted were obviously unnecessary, it madeopposition inevitable. The problem was how to keep the wheels ofindustry turning without increasing the real wealth of the world.Goods must be produced, but they must not be distributed. And inpractice the only way of achieving this was by continuous warfare.The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily ofhuman lives, but of the products of human labour. War is a way ofshattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking inthe depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used tomake the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, toointelligent. Even when weapons of war are not actually destroyed, their manufacture is still a convenient way of expending labourpower without producing anything that can be consumed. AFloating Fortress, for example, has locked up in it the labour thatwould build several hundred cargo-ships. Ultimately it is scrappedas obsolete, never having brought any material benefit to anybody,and with further enormous labours another Floating Fortress isbuilt. In principle the war effort is always so planned as to eat up anysurplus that might exist after meeting the bare needs of thepopulation. In practice the needs of the population are alwaysunderestimated, with the result that there is a chronic shortage ofhalf the necessities of life; but this is looked on as an advantage. It isdeliberate policy to keep even the favoured groups somewhere nearthe brink of hardship, because a general state of scarcity increasesthe importance of small privileges and thus magnifies thedistinction between one group and another. By the standards of theearly twentieth century, even a member of the Inner Party lives anaustere, laborious kind of life. Nevertheless, the few luxuries that hedoes enjoy his large, well-appointed flat, the better texture of hisclothes, the better quality of his food and drink and tobacco, his twoor three servants, his private motor-car or helicopter — set him in adifferent world from a member of the Outer Party, and the membersof the Outer Party have a similar advantage in comparison with thesubmerged masses whom we call ‘the proles’. The social atmosphereis that of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump ofhorseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. And atthe same time the consciousness of being at war, and therefore indanger, makes the handing-over of all power to a small caste seemthe natural, unavoidable condition of survival.War, it will be seen, accomplishes the necessary destruction,but accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way. In principleit would be quite simple to waste the surplus labour of the world bybuilding temples and pyramids, by digging holes and filling them upagain, or even by producing vast quantities of goods and thensetting fire to them. But this would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society. What is concernedhere is not the morale of masses, whose attitude is unimportant solong as they are kept steadily at work, but the morale of the Partyitself. Even the humblest Party member is expected to becompetent, industrious, and even intelligent within narrow limits,but it is also necessary that he should be a credulous and ignorantfanatic whose prevailing moods are fear, hatred, adulation, andorgiastic triumph. In other words it is necessary that he should havethe mentality appropriate to a state of war. It does not matterwhether the war is actually happening, and, since no decisive victoryis possible, it does not matter whether the war is going well or badly.All that is needed is that a state of war should exist. The splitting ofthe intelligence which the Party requires of its members, and whichis more easily achieved in an atmosphere of war, is now almostuniversal, but the higher up the ranks one goes, the more marked itbecomes. It is precisely in the Inner Party that war hysteria andhatred of the enemy are strongest. In his capacity as anadministrator, it is often necessary for a member of the Inner Partyto know that this or that item of war news is untruthful, and he mayoften be aware that the entire war is spurious and is either nothappening or is being waged for purposes quite other than thedeclared ones: but such knowledge is easily neutralized by thetechnique of DOUBLETHINK. Meanwhile no Inner Party memberwavers for an instant in his mystical belief that the war is real, andthat it is bound to end victoriously, with Oceania the undisputedmaster of the entire world.All members of the Inner Party believe in this coming conquestas an article of faith. It is to be achieved either by graduallyacquiring more and more territory and so building up anoverwhelming preponderance of power, or by the discovery of somenew and unanswerable weapon. The search for new weaponscontinues unceasingly, and is one of the very few remainingactivities in which the inventive or speculative type of mind can findany outlet. In Oceania at the present day, Science, in the old sense, has almost ceased to exist. In Newspeak there is no word for‘Science’. The empirical method of thought, on which all thescientific achievements of the past were founded, is opposed to themost fundamental principles of Ingsoc. And even technologicalprogress only happens when its products can in some way be usedfor the diminution of human liberty. In all the useful arts the worldis either standing still or going backwards. The fields are cultivatedwith horse-ploughs while books are written by machinery. But inmatters of vital importance — meaning, in effect, war and policeespionage — the empirical approach is still encouraged, or at leasttolerated. The two aims of the Party are to conquer the wholesurface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibilityof independent thought. There are therefore two great problemswhich the Party is concerned to solve. One is how to discover,against his will, what another human being is thinking, and theother is how to kill several hundred million people in a few secondswithout giving warning beforehand. In so far as scientific researchstill continues, this is its subject matter. The scientist of today iseither a mixture of psychologist and inquisitor, studying with realordinary minuteness the meaning of facial expressions, gestures,and tones of voice, and testing the truth-producing effects of drugs,shock therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture; or he is chemist,physicist, or biologist concerned only with such branches of hisspecial subject as are relevant to the taking of life. In the vastlaboratories of the Ministry of Peace, and in the experimentalstations hidden in the Brazilian forests, or in the Australian desert,or on lost islands of the Antarctic, the teams of experts areindefatigably at work. Some are concerned simply with planning thelogistics of future wars; others devise larger and larger rocketbombs, more and more powerful explosives, and more and moreimpenetrable armour-plating; others search for new and deadliergases, or for soluble poisons capable of being produced in suchquantities as to destroy the vegetation of whole continents, or forbreeds of disease germs immunized against all possible antibodies; others strive to produce a vehicle that shall bore its way under thesoil like a submarine under the water, or an aeroplane asindependent of its base as a sailing-ship; others explore evenremoter possibilities such as focusing the sun’s rays through lensessuspended thousands of kilometres away in space, or producingartificial earthquakes and tidal waves by tapping the heat at theearth’s centre.But none of these projects ever comes anywhere nearrealization, and none of the three super-states ever gains asignificant lead on the others. What is more remarkable is that allthree powers already possess, in the atomic bomb, a weapon farmore powerful than any that their present researches are likely todiscover. Although the Party, according to its habit, claims theinvention for itself, atomic bombs first appeared as early as thenineteen-forties, and were first used on a large scale about ten yearslater. At that time some hundreds of bombs were dropped onindustrial centres, chiefly in European Russia, Western Europe, andNorth America. The effect was to convince the ruling groups of allcountries that a few more atomic bombs would mean the end oforganized society, and hence of their own power. Thereafter,although no formal agreement was ever made or hinted at, no morebombs were dropped. All three powers merely continue to produceatomic bombs and store them up against the decisive opportunitywhich they all believe will come sooner or later. And meanwhile theart of war has remained almost stationary for thirty or forty years.Helicopters are more used than they were formerly, bombing planeshave been largely superseded by self-propelled projectiles, and thefragile movable battleship has given way to the almost unsinkableFloating Fortress; but otherwise there has been little development.The tank, the submarine, the torpedo, the machine gun, even therifle and the hand grenade are still in use. And in spite of the endlessslaughters reported in the Press and on the telescreens, thedesperate battles of earlier wars, in which hundreds of thousands oreven millions of men were often killed in a few weeks, have never been repeated.None of the three super-states ever attempts any manoeuvrewhich involves the risk of serious defeat. When any large operationis undertaken, it is usually a surprise attack against an ally. Thestrategy that all three powers are following, or pretend tothemselves that they are following, is the same. The plan is, by acombination of fighting, bargaining, and well-timed strokes oftreachery, to acquire a ring of bases completely encircling one orother of the rival states, and then to sign a pact of friendship withthat rival and remain on peaceful terms for so many years as to lullsuspicion to sleep. During this time rockets loaded with atomicbombs can be assembled at all the strategic spots; finally they will allbe fired simultaneously, with effects so devastating as to makeretaliation impossible. It will then be time to sign a pact offriendship with the remaining world-power, in preparation foranother attack. This scheme, it is hardly necessary to say, is a meredaydream, impossible of realization. Moreover, no fighting everoccurs except in the disputed areas round the Equator and the Pole:no invasion of enemy territory is ever undertaken. This explains thefact that in some places the frontiers between the super-states arearbitrary. Eurasia, for example, could easily conquer the BritishIsles, which are geographically part of Europe, or on the other handit would be possible for Oceania to push its frontiers to the Rhine oreven to the Vistula. But this would violate the principle, followed onall sides though never formulated, of cultural integrity. If Oceaniawere to conquer the areas that used once to be known as France andGermany, it would be necessary either to exterminate theinhabitants, a task of great physical difficulty, or to assimilate apopulation of about a hundred million people, who, so far astechnical development goes, are roughly on the Oceanic level.

Theproblem is the same for all three super-states. It is absolutelynecessary to their structure that there should be no contact withforeigners, except, to a limited extent, with war prisoners andcoloured slaves. Even the official ally of the moment is always regarded with the darkest suspicion. War prisoners apart, theaverage citizen of Oceania never sets eyes on a citizen of eitherEurasia or Eastasia, and he is forbidden the knowledge of foreignlanguages. If he were allowed contact with foreigners he woulddiscover that they are creatures similar to himself and that most ofwhat he has been told about them is lies. The sealed world in whichhe lives would be broken, and the fear, hatred, and selfrighteousness on which his morale depends might evaporate. It istherefore realized on all sides that however often Persia, or Egypt, orJava, or Ceylon may change hands, the main frontiers must neverbe crossed by anything except bombs.Under this lies a fact never mentioned aloud, but tacitlyunderstood and acted upon: namely, that the conditions of life in allthree super-states are very much the same. In Oceania theprevailing philosophy is called Ingsoc, in Eurasia it is called NeoBolshevism, and in Eastasia it is called by a Chinese name usuallytranslated as Death-Worship, but perhaps better rendered asObliteration of the Self. The citizen of Oceania is not allowed toknow anything of the tenets of the other two philosophies, but he istaught to execrate them as barbarous outrages upon morality andcommon sense. Actually the three philosophies are barelydistinguishable, and the social systems which they support are notdistinguishable at all. Everywhere there is the same pyramidalstructure, the same worship of semi-divine leader, the sameeconomy existing by and for continuous warfare. It follows that thethree super-states not only cannot conquer one another, but wouldgain no advantage by doing so. On the contrary, so long as theyremain in conflict they prop one another up, like three sheaves ofcorn. And, as usual, the ruling groups of all three powers aresimultaneously aware and unaware of what they are doing. Theirlives are dedicated to world conquest, but they also know that it isnecessary that the war should continue everlastingly and withoutvictory. Meanwhile the fact that there IS no danger of conquestmakes possible the denial of reality which is the special feature of Ingsoc and its rival systems of thought. Here it is necessary torepeat what has been said earlier, that by becoming continuous warhas fundamentally changed its character.In past ages, a war, almost by definition, was something thatsooner or later came to an end, usually in unmistakable victory ordefeat. In the past, also, war was one of the main instruments bywhich human societies were kept in touch with physical reality. Allrulers in all ages have tried to impose a false view of the world upontheir followers, but they could not afford to encourage any illusionthat tended to impair military efficiency. So long as defeat meant theloss of independence, or some other result generally held to beundesirable, the precautions against defeat had to be serious.Physical facts could not be ignored. In philosophy, or religion, orethics, or politics, two and two might make five, but when one wasdesigning a gun or an aeroplane they had to make four. Inefficientnations were always conquered sooner or later, and the struggle forefficiency was inimical to illusions. Moreover, to be efficient it wasnecessary to be able to learn from the past, which meant having afairly accurate idea of what had happened in the past. Newspapersand history books were, of course, always coloured and biased, butfalsification of the kind that is practised today would have beenimpossible. War was a sure safeguard of sanity, and so far as theruling classes were concerned it was probably the most important ofall safeguards. While wars could be won or lost, no ruling classcould be completely irresponsible.But when war becomes literally continuous, it also ceases to bedangerous. When war is continuous there is no such thing asmilitary necessity. Technical progress can cease and the mostpalpable facts can be denied or disregarded. As we have seen,researches that could be called scientific are still carried out for thepurposes of war, but they are essentially a kind of daydreaming, andtheir failure to show results is not important. Efficiency, evenmilitary efficiency, is no longer needed. Nothing is efficient inOceania except the Thought Police. Since each of the three super states is unconquerable, each is in effect a separate universe withinwhich almost any perversion of thought can be safely practised.Reality only exerts its pressure through the needs of everyday life —the need to eat and drink, to get shelter and clothing, to avoidswallowing poison or stepping out of top-storey windows, and thelike. Between life and death, and between physical pleasure andphysical pain, there is still a distinction, but that is all. Cut off fromcontact with the outer world, and with the past, the citizen ofOceania is like a man in interstellar space, who has no way ofknowing which direction is up and which is down. The rulers ofsuch a state are absolute, as the Pharaohs or the Caesars could notbe. They are obliged to prevent their followers from starving todeath in numbers large enough to be inconvenient, and they areobliged to remain at the same low level of military technique as theirrivals; but once that minimum is achieved, they can twist reality intowhatever shape they choose.The war, therefore, if we judge it by the standards of previouswars, is merely an imposture. It is like the battles between certainruminant animals whose horns are set at such an angle that they areincapable of hurting one another. But though it is unreal it is notmeaningless. It eats up the surplus of consumable goods, and ithelps to preserve the special mental atmosphere that a hierarchicalsociety needs. War, it will be seen, is now a purely internal affair. Inthe past, the ruling groups of all countries, although they mightrecognize their common interest and therefore limit thedestructiveness of war, did fight against one another, and the victoralways plundered the vanquished. In our own day they are notfighting against one another at all. The war is waged by each rulinggroup against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not tomake or prevent conquests of territory, but to keep the structure ofsociety intact. The very word ‘war’, therefore, has becomemisleading.

It would probably be accurate to say that by becomingcontinuous war has ceased to exist. The peculiar pressure that itexerted on human beings between the Neolithic Age and the early twentieth century has disappeared and been replaced by somethingquite different. The effect would be much the same if the threesuper-states, instead of fighting one another, should agree to live inperpetual peace, each inviolate within its own boundaries. For inthat case each would still be a self-contained universe, freed for everfrom the sobering influence of external danger. A peace that wastruly permanent would be the same as a permanent war. This —although the vast majority of Party members understand it only in ashallower sense — is the inner meaning of the Party slogan: WAR IS PEACE.Winston stopped reading for a moment. Somewhere in remotedistance a rocket bomb thundered. The blissful feeling of beingalone with the forbidden book, in a room with no telescreen, hadnot worn off. Solitude and safety were physical sensations, mixedup somehow with the tiredness of his body, the softness of thechair, the touch of the faint breeze from the window that playedupon his cheek. The book fascinated him, or more exactly itreassured him. In a sense it told him nothing that was new, butthat was part of the attraction. It said what he would have said, if ithad been possible for him to set his scattered thoughts in order. Itwas the product of a mind similar to his own, but enormously morepowerful, more systematic, less fear-ridden. The best books, heperceived, are those that tell you what you know already. He hadjust turned back to Chapter I when he heard Julia’s footstep on thestair and started out of his chair to meet her. She dumped herbrown tool-bag on the floor and flung herself into his arms. It wasmore than a week since they had seen one another.‘I’ve got THE BOOK,’ he said as they disentangled themselves.‘Oh, you’ve got it? Good,’ she said without much interest, andalmost immediately knelt down beside the oil stove to make thecoffee. They did not return to the subject until they had been in bedfor half an hour. The evening was just cool enough to make itworth while to pull up the counterpane. From below came thefamiliar sound of singing and the scrape of boots on the flagstones.The brawny red-armed woman whom Winston had seen there onhis first visit was almost a fixture in the yard. There seemed to beno hour of daylight when she was not marching to and fro betweenthe washtub and the line, alternately gagging herself with clothespegs and breaking forth into lusty song. Julia had settled down onher side and seemed to be already on the point of falling asleep. Hereached out for the book, which was lying on the floor, and sat upagainst the bedhead.‘We must read it,’ he said. ‘You too. All members of theBrotherhood have to read it.’‘You read it,’ she said with her eyes shut. ‘Read it aloud. That’sthe best way. Then you can explain it to me as you go.’The clock’s hands said six, meaning eighteen. They had threeor four hours ahead of them. He propped the book against hisknees and began reading:

Chapter IIGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of theNeolithic Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world,the High, the Middle, and the Low. They have been subdivided inmany ways, they have borne countless different names, and theirrelative numbers, as well as their attitude towards one another, havevaried from age to age: but the essential structure of society hasnever altered. Even after enormous upheavals and seeminglyirrevocable changes, the same pattern has always reasserted itself,just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibrium, however far it is pushed one way or the other‘Julia, are you awake?’ said Winston.‘Yes, my love, I’m listening. Go on. It’s marvellous.’He continued reading:The aims of these three groups are entirely irreconcilable. Theaim of the High is to remain where they are. The aim of the Middleis to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when theyhave an aim — for it is an abiding characteristic of the Low thatthey are too much crushed by drudgery to be more thanintermittently conscious of anything outside their daily lives — isto abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all menshall be equal. Thus throughout history a struggle which is thesame in its main outlines recurs over and over again. For longperiods the High seem to be securely in power, but sooner or laterthere always comes a moment when they lose either their belief inthemselves or their capacity to govern efficiently, or both. They arethen overthrown by the Middle, who enlist the Low on their side bypretending to them that they are fighting for liberty and justice. Assoon as they have reached their objective, the Middle thrust theLow back into their old position of servitude, and themselvesbecome the High. Presently a new Middle group splits off from oneof the other groups, or from both of them, and the struggle beginsover again. Of the three groups, only the Low are never eventemporarily successful in achieving their aims. It would be anexaggeration to say that throughout history there has been noprogress of a material kind. Even today, in a period of decline, theaverage human being is physically better off than he was a fewcenturies ago. But no advance in wealth, no softening of manners,no reform or revolution has ever brought human equality amillimetre nearer. From the point of view of the Low, no historic change has ever meant much more than a change in the name oftheir masters.By the late nineteenth century the recurrence of this patternhad become obvious to many observers. There then rose schools ofthinkers who interpreted history as a cyclical process and claimedto show that inequality was the unalterable law of human life. Thisdoctrine, of course, had always had its adherents, but in themanner in which it was now put forward there was a significantchange. In the past the need for a hierarchical form of society hadbeen the doctrine specifically of the High. It had been preached bykings and aristocrats and by the priests, lawyers, and the like whowere parasitical upon them, and it had generally been softened bypromises of compensation in an imaginary world beyond the grave.The Middle, so long as it was struggling for power, had alwaysmade use of such terms as freedom, justice, and fraternity. Now,however, the concept of human brotherhood began to be assailedby people who were not yet in positions of command, but merelyhoped to be so before long. In the past the Middle had maderevolutions under the banner of equality, and then had establisheda fresh tyranny as soon as the old one was overthrown. The newMiddle groups in effect proclaimed their tyranny beforehand.Socialism, a theory which appeared in the early nineteenth centuryand was the last link in a chain of thought stretching back to theslave rebellions of antiquity, was still deeply infected by theUtopianism of past ages. But in each variant of Socialism thatappeared from about 1900 onwards the aim of establishing libertyand equality was more and more openly abandoned. The newmovements which appeared in the middle years of the century,Ingsoc in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia, Death-Worship, asit is commonly called, in Eastasia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating UNfreedom and INequality. These new movements,of course, grew out of the old ones and tended to keep their namesand pay lip-service to their ideology. But the purpose of all of themwas to arrest progress and freeze history at a chosen moment. Thefamiliar pendulum swing was to happen once more, and then stop.As usual, the High were to be turned out by the Middle, who wouldthen become the High; but this time, by conscious strategy, theHigh would be able to maintain their position permanently.The new doctrines arose partly because of the accumulation ofhistorical knowledge, and the growth of the historical sense, whichhad hardly existed before the nineteenth century. The cyclicalmovement of history was now intelligible, or appeared to be so;and if it was intelligible, then it was alterable. But the principal,underlying cause was that, as early as the beginning of thetwentieth century, human equality had become technicallypossible. It was still true that men were not equal in their nativetalents and that functions had to be specialized in ways thatfavoured some individuals against others; but there was no longerany real need for class distinctions or for large differences ofwealth. In earlier ages, class distinctions had been not onlyinevitable but desirable. Inequality was the price of civilization.With the development of machine production, however, the casewas altered. Even if it was still necessary for human beings to dodifferent kinds of work, it was no longer necessary for them to liveat different social or economic levels. Therefore, from the point ofview of the new groups who were on the point of seizing power,human equality was no longer an ideal to be striven after, but adanger to be averted. In more primitive ages, when a just andpeaceful society was in fact not possible, it had been fairly easy tobelieve it. The idea of an earthly paradise in which men should live together in a state of brotherhood, without laws and without brutelabour, had haunted the human imagination for thousands ofyears. And this vision had had a certain hold even on the groupswho actually profited by each historical change. The heirs of theFrench, English, and American revolutions had partly believed intheir own phrases about the rights of man, freedom of speech,equality before the law, and the like, and have even allowed theirconduct to be influenced by them to some extent. But by the fourthdecade of the twentieth century all the main currents of politicalthought were authoritarian. The earthly paradise had beendiscredited at exactly the moment when it became realizable. Everynew political theory, by whatever name it called itself, led back tohierarchy and regimentation. And in the general hardening ofoutlook that set in round about 1930, practices which had beenlong abandoned, in some cases for hundreds of years —imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves,public executions, torture to extract confessions, the use ofhostages, and the deportation of whole populations — not onlybecame common again, but were tolerated and even defended bypeople who considered themselves enlightened and progressive.It was only after a decade of national wars, civil wars,revolutions, and counter-revolutions in all parts of the world thatIngsoc and its rivals emerged as fully worked-out political theories.But they had been foreshadowed by the various systems, generallycalled totalitarian, which had appeared earlier in the century, andthe main outlines of the world which would emerge from theprevailing chaos had long been obvious. What kind of people wouldcontrol this world had been equally obvious. The new aristocracywas made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists,technicians, trade-union organizers, publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians. These people,whose origins lay in the salaried middle class and the upper gradesof the working class, had been shaped and brought together by thebarren world of monopoly industry and centralized government. Ascompared with their opposite numbers in past ages, they were lessavaricious, less tempted by luxury, hungrier for pure power, and,above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intenton crushing opposition. This last difference was cardinal. Bycomparison with that existing today, all the tyrannies of the pastwere half-hearted and inefficient. The ruling groups were alwaysinfected to some extent by liberal ideas, and were content to leaveloose ends everywhere, to regard only the overt act and to beuninterested in what their subjects were thinking. Even theCatholic Church of the Middle Ages was tolerant by modernstandards. Part of the reason for this was that in the past nogovernment had the power to keep its citizens under constantsurveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier tomanipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried theprocess further. With the development of television, and thetechnical advance which made it possible to receive and transmitsimultaneously on the same instrument, private life came to anend. Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to beworth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a day underthe eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, withall other channels of communication closed. The possibility ofenforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the State, butcomplete uniformity of opinion on all subjects, now existed for thefirst time.After the revolutionary period of the fifties and sixties, societyregrouped itself, as always, into High, Middle, and Low. But the new High group, unlike all its forerunners, did not act uponinstinct but knew what was needed to safeguard its position. It hadlong been realized that the only secure basis for oligarchy iscollectivism. Wealth and privilege are most easily defended whenthey are possessed jointly. The so-called ‘abolition of privateproperty’ which took place in the middle years of the centurymeant, in effect, the concentration of property in far fewer handsthan before: but with this difference, that the new owners were agroup instead of a mass of individuals. Individually, no member ofthe Party owns anything, except petty personal belongings.Collectively, the Party owns everything in Oceania, because itcontrols everything, and disposes of the products as it thinks fit. Inthe years following the Revolution it was able to step into thiscommanding position almost unopposed, because the wholeprocess was represented as an act of collectivization. It had alwaysbeen assumed that if the capitalist class were expropriated,Socialism must follow: and unquestionably the capitalists had beenexpropriated. Factories, mines, land, houses, transport —everything had been taken away from them: and since these thingswere no longer private property, it followed that they must bepublic property. Ingsoc, which grew out of the earlier Socialistmovement and inherited its phraseology, has in fact carried out themain item in the Socialist programme; with the result, foreseenand intended beforehand, that economic inequality has been madepermanent.But the problems of perpetuating a hierarchical society godeeper than this. There are only four ways in which a ruling groupcan fall from power. Either it is conquered from without, or itgoverns so inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt, or itallows a strong and discontented Middle group to come into being, or it loses its own self-confidence and willingness to govern. Thesecauses do not operate singly, and as a rule all four of them arepresent in some degree. A ruling class which could guard against allof them would remain in power permanently. Ultimately thedetermining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself.After the middle of the present century, the first danger had inreality disappeared. Each of the three powers which now divide theworld is in fact unconquerable, and could only become conquerablethrough slow demographic changes which a government with widepowers can easily avert. The second danger, also, is only atheoretical one. The masses never revolt of their own accord, andthey never revolt merely because they are oppressed. Indeed, solong as they are not permitted to have standards of comparison,they never even become aware that they are oppressed. Therecurrent economic crises of past times were totally unnecessaryand are not now permitted to happen, but other and equally largedislocations can and do happen without having political results,because there is no way in which discontent can become articulate.As for the problem of over-production, which has been latent inour society since the development of machine technique, it issolved by the device of continuous warfare (see Chapter III), whichis also useful in keying up public morale to the necessary pitch.From the point of view of our present rulers, therefore, the onlygenuine dangers are the splitting-off of a new group of able, underemployed, power-hungry people, and the growth of liberalism andscepticism in their own ranks. The problem, that is to say, iseducational. It is a problem of continuously moulding theconsciousness both of the directing group and of the largerexecutive group that lies immediately below it. The consciousnessof the masses needs only to be influenced in a negative way. Given this background, one could infer, if one did not know italready, the general structure of Oceanic society. At the apex of thepyramid comes Big Brother. Big Brother is infallible and allpowerful. Every success, every achievement, every victory, everyscientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, allvirtue, are held to issue directly from his leadership andinspiration. Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on thehoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably surethat he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertaintyas to when he was born. Big Brother is the guise in which the Partychooses to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to act as afocusing point for love, fear, and reverence, emotions which aremore easily felt towards an individual than towards anorganization. Below Big Brother comes the Inner Party. Itsnumbers limited to six millions, or something less than 2 per centof the population of Oceania. Below the Inner Party comes theOuter Party, which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain ofthe State, may be justly likened to the hands. Below that come thedumb masses whom we habitually refer to as ‘the proles’,numbering perhaps 85 per cent of the population. In the terms ofour earlier classification, the proles are the Low: for the slavepopulation of the equatorial lands who pass constantly fromconqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part ofthe structure.In principle, membership of these three groups is nothereditary. The child of Inner Party parents is in theory not borninto the Inner Party. Admission to either branch of the Party is byexamination, taken at the age of sixteen. Nor is there any racialdiscrimination, or any marked domination of one province byanother. Jews, Negroes, South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party, and theadministrators of any area are always drawn from the inhabitantsof that area. In no part of Oceania do the inhabitants have thefeeling that they are a colonial population ruled from a distantcapital. Oceania has no capital, and its titular head is a personwhose whereabouts nobody knows. Except that English is its chiefLINGUA FRANCA and Newspeak its official language, it is notcentralized in any way. Its rulers are not held together by blood-tiesbut by adherence to a common doctrine. It is true that our societyis stratified, and very rigidly stratified, on what at first sight appearto be hereditary lines. There is far less to-and-fro movementbetween the different groups than happened under capitalism oreven in the pre-industrial age. Between the two branches of theParty there is a certain amount of interchange, but only so much aswill ensure that weaklings are excluded from the Inner Party andthat ambitious members of the Outer Party are made harmless byallowing them to rise. Proletarians, in practice, are not allowed tograduate into the Party. The most gifted among them, who mightpossibly become nuclei of discontent, are simply marked down bythe Thought Police and eliminated. But this state of affairs is notnecessarily permanent, nor is it a matter of principle. The Party isnot a class in the old sense of the word. It does not aim attransmitting power to its own children, as such; and if there wereno other way of keeping the ablest people at the top, it would beperfectly prepared to recruit an entire new generation from theranks of the proletariat. In the crucial years, the fact that the Partywas not a hereditary body did a great deal to neutralize opposition.The older kind of Socialist, who had been trained to fight againstsomething called ‘class privilege’ assumed that what is nothereditary cannot be permanent. He did not see that the continuityof an oligarchy need not be physical, nor did he pause to reflect that hereditary aristocracies have always been shortlived, whereasadoptive organizations such as the Catholic Church havesometimes lasted for hundreds or thousands of years. The essenceof oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but thepersistence of a certain world-view and a certain way of life,imposed by the dead upon the living. A ruling group is a rulinggroup so long as it can nominate its successors. The Party is notconcerned with perpetuating its blood but with perpetuating itself.WHO wields power is not important, provided that the hierarchicalstructure remains always the same.All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes thatcharacterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique ofthe Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society frombeing perceived. Physical rebellion, or any preliminary movetowards rebellion, is at present not possible. From the proletariansnothing is to be feared. Left to themselves, they will continue fromgeneration to generation and from century to century, working,breeding, and dying, not only without any impulse to rebel, butwithout the power of grasping that the world could be other than itis. They could only become dangerous if the advance of industrialtechnique made it necessary to educate them more highly; but,since military and commercial rivalry are no longer important, thelevel of popular education is actually declining. What opinions themasses hold, or do not hold, is looked on as a matter ofindifference. They can be granted intellectual liberty because theyhave no intellect. In a Party member, on the other hand, not eventhe smallest deviation of opinion on the most unimportant subjectcan be tolerated.A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of theThought Police. Even when he is alone he can never be sure that he is alone. Wherever he may be, asleep or awake, working or resting,in his bath or in bed, he can be inspected without warning andwithout knowing that he is being inspected. Nothing that he does isindifferent. His friendships, his relaxations, his behaviour towardshis wife and children, the expression of his face when he is alone,the words he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movementsof his body, are all jealously scrutinized. Not only any actualmisdemeanour, but any eccentricity, however small, any change ofhabits, any nervous mannerism that could possibly be thesymptom of an inner struggle, is certain to be detected. He has nofreedom of choice in any direction whatever. On the other hand hisactions are not regulated by law or by any clearly formulated codeof behaviour. In Oceania there is no law. Thoughts and actionswhich, when detected, mean certain death are not formallyforbidden, and the endless purges, arrests, tortures,imprisonments, and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishmentfor crimes which have actually been committed, but are merely thewiping-out of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at sometime in the future. A Party member is required to have not only theright opinions, but the right instincts. Many of the beliefs andattitudes demanded of him are never plainly stated, and could notbe stated without laying bare the contradictions inherent in Ingsoc.If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak aGOODTHINKER), he will in all circumstances know, withouttaking thought, what is the true belief or the desirable emotion.But in any case an elaborate mental training, undergone inchildhood and grouping itself round the Newspeak wordsCRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE, and DOUBLETHINK, makes himunwilling and unable to think too deeply on any subject whatever.A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm. He is supposed to live in acontinuous frenzy of hatred of foreign enemies and internaltraitors, triumph over victories, and self-abasement before thepower and wisdom of the Party. The discontents produced by hisbare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards anddissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and thespeculations which might possibly induce a sceptical or rebelliousattitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline.The first and simplest stage in the discipline, which can be taughteven to young children, is called, in Newspeak, CRIMESTOP.CRIMESTOP means the faculty of stopping short, as though byinstinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes thepower of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors,of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical toIngsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thoughtwhich is capable of leading in a heretical direction. CRIMESTOP, inshort, means protective stupidity. But stupidity is not enough. Onthe contrary, orthodoxy in the full sense demands a control overone’s own mental processes as complete as that of a contortionistover his body. Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief thatBig Brother is omnipotent and that the Party is infallible. But sincein reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the party is notinfallible, there is need for an unwearying, moment-to-momentflexibility in the treatment of facts. The keyword here isBLACKWHITE. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has twomutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it meansthe habit of impudently claiming that black is white, incontradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, itmeans a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Partydiscipline demands this. But it means also the ability to BELIEVEthat black is white, and more, to KNOW that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands acontinuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system ofthought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known inNewspeak as DOUBLETHINK.

The alteration of the past is necessary for two reasons, one of
which is subsidiary and, so to speak, precautionary. The subsidiary
reason is that the Party member, like the proletarian, tolerates
present-day conditions partly because he has no standards of
comparison. He must be cut off from the past, just as he must be
cut off from foreign countries, because it is necessary for him to
believe that he is better off than his ancestors and that the average
level of material comfort is constantly rising. But by far the more
important reason for the readjustment of the past is the need to
safeguard the infallibility of the Party. It is not merely that
speeches, statistics, and records of every kind must be constantly
brought up to date in order to show that the predictions of the
Party were in all cases right. It is also that no change in doctrine or
in political alignment can ever be admitted. For to change one’s
mind, or even one’s policy, is a confession of weakness. If, for
example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy
today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if
the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history
is continuously rewritten. This day-to-day falsification of the past,
carried out by the Ministry of Truth, is as necessary to the stability
of the regime as the work of repression and espionage carried out
by the Ministry of Love.
The mutability of the past is the central tenet of Ingsoc. Past
events, it is argued, have no objective existence, but survive only in
written records and in human memories. The past is whatever the
records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its
members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to
make it. It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never
has been altered in any specific instance. For when it has been
recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this
new version IS the past, and no different past can ever have
existed. This holds good even when, as often happens, the same
event has to be altered out of recognition several times in the
course of a year. At all times the Party is in possession of absolute
truth, and clearly the absolute can never have been different from
what it is now. It will be seen that the control of the past depends
above all on the training of memory. To make sure that all written
records agree with the orthodoxy of the moment is merely a
mechanical act. But it is also necessary to REMEMBER that events
happened in the desired manner. And if it is necessary to rearrange
one’s memories or to tamper with written records, then it is
necessary to FORGET that one has done so. The trick of doing this
can be learned like any other mental technique. It is learned by the
majority of Party members, and certainly by all who are intelligent
as well as orthodox. In Oldspeak it is called, quite frankly, ‘reality
control’. In Newspeak it is called DOUBLETHINK, though
DOUBLETHINK comprises much else as well.
DOUBLETHINK means the power of holding two
contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting
both of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his
memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing
tricks with reality; but by the exercise of DOUBLETHINK he also
satisfies himself that reality is not violated. The process has to be
conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision,
but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt. DOUBLETHINK lies at the very heart
of Ingsoc, since the essential act of the Party is to use conscious
deception while retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with
complete honesty. To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing
in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then,
when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for
just so long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality
and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies —
all this is indispensably necessary. Even in using the word
DOUBLETHINK it is necessary to exercise DOUBLETHINK. For by
using the word one admits that one is tampering with reality; by a
fresh act of DOUBLETHINK one erases this knowledge; and so on
indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth.
Ultimately it is by means of DOUBLETHINK that the Party has
been able — and may, for all we know, continue to be able for
thousands of years — to arrest the course of history.
All past oligarchies have fallen from power either because they
ossified or because they grew soft. Either they became stupid and
arrogant, failed to adjust themselves to changing circumstances,
and were overthrown; or they became liberal and cowardly, made
concessions when they should have used force, and once again
were overthrown. They fell, that is to say, either through
consciousness or through unconsciousness. It is the achievement
of the Party to have produced a system of thought in which both
conditions can exist simultaneously. And upon no other
intellectual basis could the dominion of the Party be made
permanent. If one is to rule, and to continue ruling, one must be
able to dislocate the sense of reality. For the secret of rulership is
to combine a belief in one’s own infallibility with the Power to
learn from past mistakes. It need hardly be said that the subtlest practitioners of
DOUBLETHINK are those who invented DOUBLETHINK and
know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society,
those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also
those who are furthest from seeing the world as it is. In general,
the greater the understanding, the greater the delusion; the more
intelligent, the less sane. One clear illustration of this is the fact
that war hysteria increases in intensity as one rises in the social
scale. Those whose attitude towards the war is most nearly rational
are the subject peoples of the disputed territories. To these people
the war is simply a continuous calamity which sweeps to and fro
over their bodies like a tidal wave. Which side is winning is a
matter of complete indifference to them. They are aware that a
change of overlordship means simply that they will be doing the
same work as before for new masters who treat them in the same
manner as the old ones. The slightly more favoured workers whom
we call ‘the proles’ are only intermittently conscious of the war.
When it is necessary they can be prodded into frenzies of fear and
hatred, but when left to themselves they are capable of forgetting
for long periods that the war is happening. It is in the ranks of the
Party, and above all of the Inner Party, that the true war
enthusiasm is found. World-conquest is believed in most firmly by
those who know it to be impossible. This peculiar linking-together
of opposites — knowledge with ignorance, cynicism with fanaticism
— is one of the chief distinguishing marks of Oceanic society. The
official ideology abounds with contradictions even when there is no
practical reason for them. Thus, the Party rejects and vilifies every
principle for which the Socialist movement originally stood, and it
chooses to do this in the name of Socialism. It preaches a contempt
for the working class unexampled for centuries past, and it dresses
its members in a uniform which was at one time peculiar to manual workers and was adopted for that reason. It systematically
undermines the solidarity of the family, and it calls its leader by a
name which is a direct appeal to the sentiment of family loyalty.
Even the names of the four Ministries by which we are governed
exhibit a sort of impudence in their deliberate reversal of the facts.
The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of
Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry
of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental,
nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy; they are deliberate
exercises in DOUBLETHINK. For it is only by reconciling
contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely. In no other
way could the ancient cycle be broken. If human equality is to be
for ever averted — if the High, as we have called them, are to keep
their places permanently — then the prevailing mental condition
must be controlled insanity.
But there is one question which until this moment we have
almost ignored. It is; WHY should human equality be averted?
Supposing that the mechanics of the process have been rightly
described, what is the motive for this huge, accurately planned
effort to freeze history at a particular moment of time?
Here we reach the central secret. As we have seen. the
mystique of the Party, and above all of the Inner Party, depends
upon DOUBLETHINK But deeper than this lies the original motive,
the never-questioned instinct that first led to the seizure of power
and brought DOUBLETHINK, the Thought Police, continuous
warfare, and all the other necessary paraphernalia into existence
afterwards. This motive really consists . . .
Winston became aware of silence, as one becomes aware of a
new sound. It seemed to him that Julia had been very still for some
time past. She was lying on her side, naked from the waist upwards, with her cheek pillowed on her hand and one dark lock
tumbling across her eyes. Her breast rose and fell slowly and
regularly.
‘Julia.’
No answer.
‘Julia, are you awake?’
No answer. She was asleep. He shut the book, put it carefully
on the floor, lay down, and pulled the coverlet over both of them.
He had still, he reflected, not learned the ultimate secret. He
understood HOW; he did not understand WHY. Chapter I, like
Chapter III, had not actually told him anything that he did not
know, it had merely systematized the knowledge that he possessed
already. But after reading it he knew better than before that he was
not mad. Being in a minority, even a minority of one, did not make
you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung
to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad. A
yellow beam from the sinking sun slanted in through the window
and fell across the pillow. He shut his eyes. The sun on his face and
the girl’s smooth body touching his own gave him a strong, sleepy,
confident feeling. He was safe, everything was all right. He fell
asleep murmuring ‘Sanity is not statistical,’ with the feeling that
this remark contained in it a profound wisdom.

CHAPTER 10

When he woke it was with the sensation of having slept
for a long time, but a glance at the old-fashioned clock
told him that it was only twenty-thirty. He lay dozing
for a while; then the usual deep-lunged singing struck up from the
yard below:

‘It was only an ’opeless fancy,
It passed like an Ipril dye,
But a look an’ a word an’ the dreams they
stirred
They ’ave stolen my ’eart awye!’

The drivelling song seemed to have kept its popularity. You still
heard it all over the place. It had outlived the Hate Song. Julia
woke at the sound, stretched herself luxuriously, and got out of
bed.
‘I’m hungry,’ she said. ‘Let’s make some more coffee. Damn!
The stove’s gone out and the water’s cold.’ She picked the stove up
and shook it. ‘There’s no oil in it.’
‘We can get some from old Charrington, I expect.’
‘The funny thing is I made sure it was full. I’m going to put my
clothes on,’ she added. ‘It seems to have got colder.’
Winston also got up and dressed himself. The indefatigable
voice sang on:

‘They sye that time ’eals all things, They sye you can always forget;
But the smiles an’ the tears acrorss the years
They twist my ’eart-strings yet!’

As he fastened the belt of his overalls he strolled across to the
window. The sun must have gone down behind the houses; it was
not shining into the yard any longer. The flagstones were wet as
though they had just been washed, and he had the feeling that the
sky had been washed too, so fresh and pale was the blue between
the chimney-pots. Tirelessly the woman marched to and fro,
corking and uncorking herself, singing and falling silent, and
pegging out more diapers, and more and yet more. He wondered
whether she took in washing for a living or was merely the slave of
twenty or thirty grandchildren. Julia had come across to his side;
together they gazed down with a sort of fascination at the sturdy
figure below. As he looked at the woman in her characteristic
attitude, her thick arms reaching up for the line, her powerful
mare-like buttocks protruded, it struck him for the first time that
she was beautiful. It had never before occurred to him that the
body of a woman of fifty, blown up to monstrous dimensions by
childbearing, then hardened, roughened by work till it was coarse
in the grain like an over-ripe turnip, could be beautiful. But it was
so, and after all, he thought, why not? The solid, contourless body,
like a block of granite, and the rasping red skin, bore the same
relation to the body of a girl as the rose-hip to the rose. Why
should the fruit be held inferior to the flower?
‘She’s beautiful,’ he murmured.
‘She’s a metre across the hips, easily,’ said Julia.
‘That is her style of beauty,’ said Winston.
He held Julia’s supple waist easily encircled by his arm. From the hip to the knee her flank was against his. Out of their bodies no
child would ever come. That was the one thing they could never do.
Only by word of mouth, from mind to mind, could they pass on the
secret. The woman down there had no mind, she had only strong
arms, a warm heart, and a fertile belly. He wondered how many
children she had given birth to. It might easily be fifteen. She had
had her momentary flowering, a year, perhaps, of wild-rose beauty
and then she had suddenly swollen like a fertilized fruit and grown
hard and red and coarse, and then her life had been laundering,
scrubbing, darning, cooking, sweeping, polishing, mending,
scrubbing, laundering, first for children, then for grandchildren,
over thirty unbroken years. At the end of it she was still singing.
The mystical reverence that he felt for her was somehow mixed up
with the aspect of the pale, cloudless sky, stretching away behind
the chimney-pots into interminable distance. It was curious to
think that the sky was the same for everybody, in Eurasia or
Eastasia as well as here. And the people under the sky were also
very much the same — everywhere, all over the world, hundreds of
thousands of millions of people just like this, people ignorant of
one another’s existence, held apart by walls of hatred and lies, and
yet almost exactly the same — people who had never learned to
think but who were storing up in their hearts and bellies and
muscles the power that would one day overturn the world. If there
was hope, it lay in the proles! Without having read to the end of
THE BOOK, he knew that that must be Goldstein’s final message.
The future belonged to the proles. And could he be sure that when
their time came the world they constructed would not be just as
alien to him, Winston Smith, as the world of the Party? Yes,
because at the least it would be a world of sanity. Where there is
equality there can be sanity. Sooner or later it would happen,
strength would change into consciousness. The proles were immortal, you could not doubt it when you looked at that valiant
figure in the yard. In the end their awakening would come. And
until that happened, though it might be a thousand years, they
would stay alive against all the odds, like birds, passing on from
body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could
not kill.
‘Do you remember,’ he said, ‘the thrush that sang to us, that
first day, at the edge of the wood?’
‘He wasn’t singing to us,’ said Julia. ‘He was singing to please
himself. Not even that. He was just singing.’
The birds sang, the proles sang. the Party did not sing. All
round the world, in London and New York, in Africa and Brazil, and
in the mysterious, forbidden lands beyond the frontiers, in the
streets of Paris and Berlin, in the villages of the endless Russian
plain, in the bazaars of China and Japan — everywhere stood the
same solid unconquerable figure, made monstrous by work and
childbearing, toiling from birth to death and still singing. Out of
those mighty loins a race of conscious beings must one day come.
You were the dead, theirs was the future. But you could share in
that future if you kept alive the mind as they kept alive the body,
and passed on the secret doctrine that two plus two make four.
‘We are the dead,’ he said.
‘We are the dead,’ echoed Julia dutifully.
‘You are the dead,’ said an iron voice behind them.
They sprang apart. Winston’s entrails seemed to have turned
into ice. He could see the white all round the irises of Julia’s eyes.
Her face had turned a milky yellow. The smear of rouge that was
still on each cheekbone stood out sharply, almost as though
unconnected with the skin beneath. ‘You are the dead,’ repeated the iron voice.
‘It was behind the picture,’ breathed Julia.
‘It was behind the picture,’ said the voice. ‘Remain exactly
where you are. Make no movement until you are ordered.’
It was starting, it was starting at last! They could do nothing
except stand gazing into one another’s eyes. To run for life, to get
out of the house before it was too late — no such thought occurred
to them. Unthinkable to disobey the iron voice from the wall. There
was a snap as though a catch had been turned back, and a crash of
breaking glass. The picture had fallen to the floor uncovering the
telescreen behind it.
‘Now they can see us,’ said Julia.
‘Now we can see you,’ said the voice. ‘Stand out in the middle
of the room. Stand back to back. Clasp your hands behind your
heads. Do not touch one another.’
They were not touching, but it seemed to him that he could
feel Julia’s body shaking. Or perhaps it was merely the shaking of
his own. He could just stop his teeth from chattering, but his knees
were beyond his control. There was a sound of trampling boots
below, inside the house and outside. The yard seemed to be full of
men. Something was being dragged across the stones. The woman’s
singing had stopped abruptly. There was a long, rolling clang, as
though the washtub had been flung across the yard, and then a
confusion of angry shouts which ended in a yell of pain.
‘The house is surrounded,’ said Winston.
‘The house is surrounded,’ said the voice.
He heard Julia snap her teeth together. ‘I suppose we may as
well say good-bye,’ she said.
‘You may as well say good-bye,’ said the voice. And then another quite different voice, a thin, cultivated voice which
Winston had the impression of having heard before, struck in; ‘And
by the way, while we are on the subject, “Here comes a candle to
light you to bed, here comes a chopper to chop off your head”!’
Something crashed on to the bed behind Winston’s back. The
head of a ladder had been thrust through the window and had burst
in the frame. Someone was climbing through the window. There
was a stampede of boots up the stairs. The room was full of solid
men in black uniforms, with iron-shod boots on their feet and
truncheons in their hands.
Winston was not trembling any longer. Even his eyes he barely
moved. One thing alone mattered; to keep still, to keep still and not
give them an excuse to hit you! A man with a smooth prizefighter’s jowl in which the mouth was only a slit paused opposite
him balancing his truncheon meditatively between thumb and
forefinger. Winston met his eyes. The feeling of nakedness, with
one’s hands behind one’s head and one’s face and body all exposed,
was almost unbearable. The man protruded the tip of a white
tongue, licked the place where his lips should have been, and then
passed on. There was another crash. Someone had picked up the
glass paperweight from the table and smashed it to pieces on the
hearth-stone.
The fragment of coral, a tiny crinkle of pink like a sugar
rosebud from a cake, rolled across the mat. How small, thought
Winston, how small it always was! There was a gasp and a thump
behind him, and he received a violent kick on the ankle which
nearly flung him off his balance. One of the men had smashed his
fist into Julia’s solar plexus, doubling her up like a pocket ruler.
She was thrashing about on the floor, fighting for breath. Winston
dared not turn his head even by a millimetre, but sometimes her livid, gasping face came within the angle of his vision. Even in his
terror it was as though he could feel the pain in his own body, the
deadly pain which nevertheless was less urgent than the struggle to
get back her breath. He knew what it was like; the terrible,
agonizing pain which was there all the while but could not be
suffered yet, because before all else it was necessary to be able to
breathe. Then two of the men hoisted her up by knees and
shoulders, and carried her out of the room like a sack. Winston had
a glimpse of her face, upside down, yellow and contorted, with the
eyes shut, and still with a smear of rouge on either cheek; and that
was the last he saw of her.
He stood dead still. No one had hit him yet. Thoughts which
came of their own accord but seemed totally uninteresting began to
flit through his mind. He wondered whether they had got Mr
Charrington. He wondered what they had done to the woman in
the yard. He noticed that he badly wanted to urinate, and felt a
faint surprise, because he had done so only two or three hours ago.
He noticed that the clock on the mantelpiece said nine, meaning
twenty-one. But the light seemed too strong. Would not the light
be fading at twenty-one hours on an August evening? He wondered
whether after all he and Julia had mistaken the time — had slept
the clock round and thought it was twenty-thirty when really it was
nought eight-thirty on the following morning. But he did not
pursue the thought further. It was not interesting.
There was another, lighter step in the passage. Mr Charrington
came into the room. The demeanour of the black-uniformed men
suddenly became more subdued. Something had also changed in
Mr Charrington’s appearance. His eye fell on the fragments of the
glass paperweight.
‘Pick up those pieces,’ he said sharply. A man stooped to obey. The cockney accent had disappeared;
Winston suddenly realized whose voice it was that he had heard a
few moments ago on the telescreen. Mr Charrington was still
wearing his old velvet jacket, but his hair, which had been almost
white, had turned black. Also he was not wearing his spectacles. He
gave Winston a single sharp glance, as though verifying his
identity, and then paid no more attention to him. He was still
recognizable, but he was not the same person any longer. His body
had straightened, and seemed to have grown bigger. His face had
undergone only tiny changes that had nevertheless worked a
complete transformation. The black eyebrows were less bushy, the
wrinkles were gone, the whole lines of the face seemed to have
altered; even the nose seemed shorter. It was the alert, cold face of
a man of about five-and-thirty. It occurred to Winston that for the
first time in his life he was looking, with knowledge, at a member
of the Thought Police.

PART THREE

CHAPTER 1

He did not know where he was. Presumably he was in the
Ministry of Love, but there was no way of making certain.
He was in a high-ceilinged windowless cell with walls of
glittering white porcelain. Concealed lamps flooded it with cold
light, and there was a low, steady humming sound which he
supposed had something to do with the air supply. A bench, or
shelf, just wide enough to sit on ran round the wall, broken only by
the door and, at the end opposite the door, a lavatory pan with no
wooden seat. There were four telescreens, one in each wall.
There was a dull aching in his belly. It had been there ever
since they had bundled him into the closed van and driven him
away. But he was also hungry, with a gnawing, unwholesome kind
of hunger. It might be twenty-four hours since he had eaten, it
might be thirty-six. He still did not know, probably never would
know, whether it had been morning or evening when they arrested
him. Since he was arrested he had not been fed.
He sat as still as he could on the narrow bench, with his hands
crossed on his knee. He had already learned to sit still. If you made
unexpected movements they yelled at you from the telescreen. But
the craving for food was growing upon him. What he longed for
above all was a piece of bread. He had an idea that there were a few
breadcrumbs in the pocket of his overalls. It was even possible —

he thought this because from time to time something seemed to
tickle his leg — that there might be a sizeable bit of crust there. In
the end the temptation to find out overcame his fear; he slipped a
hand into his pocket.
‘Smith!’ yelled a voice from the telescreen. ‘6079 Smith W.!
Hands out of pockets in the cells!’
He sat still again, his hands crossed on his knee. Before being
brought here he had been taken to another place which must have
been an ordinary prison or a temporary lock-up used by the patrols.
He did not know how long he had been there; some hours at any
rate; with no clocks and no daylight it was hard to gauge the time.
It was a noisy, evil-smelling place. They had put him into a cell
similar to the one he was now in, but filthily dirty and at all times
crowded by ten or fifteen people. The majority of them were
common criminals, but there were a few political prisoners among
them. He had sat silent against the wall, jostled by dirty bodies, too
preoccupied by fear and the pain in his belly to take much interest
in his surroundings, but still noticing the astonishing difference in
demeanour between the Party prisoners and the others. The Party
prisoners were always silent and terrified, but the ordinary
criminals seemed to care nothing for anybody. They yelled insults
at the guards, fought back fiercely when their belongings were
impounded, wrote obscene words on the floor, ate smuggled food
which they produced from mysterious hiding-places in their
clothes, and even shouted down the telescreen when it tried to
restore order. On the other hand some of them seemed to be on
good terms with the guards, called them by nicknames, and tried to
wheedle cigarettes through the spyhole in the door. The guards,
too, treated the common criminals with a certain forbearance, even
when they had to handle them roughly. There was much talk about the forced-labour camps to which most of the prisoners expected to
be sent. It was ‘all right’ in the camps, he gathered, so long as you
had good contacts and knew the ropes. There was bribery,
favouritism, and racketeering of every kind, there was
homosexuality and prostitution, there was even illicit alcohol
distilled from potatoes. The positions of trust were given only to
the common criminals, especially the gangsters and the murderers,
who formed a sort of aristocracy. All the dirty jobs were done by
the politicals.
There was a constant come-and-go of prisoners of every
description: drug-peddlers, thieves, bandits, black-marketeers,
drunks, prostitutes. Some of the drunks were so violent that the
other prisoners had to combine to suppress them. An enormous
wreck of a woman, aged about sixty, with great tumbling breasts
and thick coils of white hair which had come down in her struggles,
was carried in, kicking and shouting, by four guards, who had hold
of her one at each corner. They wrenched off the boots with which
she had been trying to kick them, and dumped her down across
Winston’s lap, almost breaking his thigh-bones. The woman
hoisted herself upright and followed them out with a yell of ‘F——
bastards!’ Then, noticing that she was sitting on something
uneven, she slid off Winston’s knees on to the bench.
‘Beg pardon, dearie,’ she said. ‘I wouldn’t ’a sat on you, only
the buggers put me there. They dono ’ow to treat a lady, do they?’
She paused, patted her breast, and belched. ‘Pardon,’ she said, ‘I
ain’t meself, quite.’
She leant forward and vomited copiously on the floor.
‘Thass better,’ she said, leaning back with closed eyes. ‘Never
keep it down, thass what I say. Get it up while it’s fresh on your
stomach, like.’ She revived, turned to have another look at Winston and
seemed immediately to take a fancy to him. She put a vast arm
round his shoulder and drew him towards her, breathing beer and
vomit into his face.
‘Wass your name, dearie?’ she said.
‘Smith,’ said Winston.
‘Smith?’ said the woman. ‘Thass funny. My name’s Smith too.
Why,’ she added sentimentally, ‘I might be your mother!’
She might, thought Winston, be his mother. She was about the
right age and physique, and it was probable that people changed
somewhat after twenty years in a forced-labour camp.
No one else had spoken to him. To a surprising extent the
ordinary criminals ignored the Party prisoners. ‘The polITS,’ they
called them, with a sort of uninterested contempt. The Party
prisoners seemed terrified of speaking to anybody, and above all of
speaking to one another. Only once, when two Party members,
both women, were pressed close together on the bench, he
overheard amid the din of voices a few hurriedly-whispered words;
and in particular a reference to something called ‘room one-ohone’, which he did not understand.
It might be two or three hours ago that they had brought him
here. The dull pain in his belly never went away, but sometimes it
grew better and sometimes worse, and his thoughts expanded or
contracted accordingly. When it grew worse he thought only of the
pain itself, and of his desire for food. When it grew better, panic
took hold of him. There were moments when he foresaw the things
that would happen to him with such actuality that his heart
galloped and his breath stopped. He felt the smash of truncheons
on his elbows and iron-shod boots on his shins; he saw himself
grovelling on the floor, screaming for mercy through broken teeth. He hardly thought of Julia. He could not fix his mind on her. He
loved her and would not betray her; but that was only a fact, known
as he knew the rules of arithmetic. He felt no love for her, and he
hardly even wondered what was happening to her. He thought
oftener of O’Brien, with a flickering hope. O’Brien might know that
he had been arrested. The Brotherhood, he had said, never tried to
save its members. But there was the razor blade; they would send
the razor blade if they could. There would be perhaps five seconds
before the guard could rush into the cell. The blade would bite into
him with a sort of burning coldness, and even the fingers that held
it would be cut to the bone. Everything came back to his sick body,
which shrank trembling from the smallest pain. He was not certain
that he would use the razor blade even if he got the chance. It was
more natural to exist from moment to moment, accepting another
ten minutes’ life even with the certainty that there was torture at
the end of it.
Sometimes he tried to calculate the number of porcelain bricks
in the walls of the cell. It should have been easy, but he always lost
count at some point or another. More often he wondered where he
was, and what time of day it was. At one moment he felt certain
that it was broad daylight outside, and at the next equally certain
that it was pitch darkness. In this place, he knew instinctively, the
lights would never be turned out. It was the place with no
darkness: he saw now why O’Brien had seemed to recognize the
allusion. In the Ministry of Love there were no windows. His cell
might be at the heart of the building or against its outer wall; it
might be ten floors below ground, or thirty above it. He moved
himself mentally from place to place, and tried to determine by the
feeling of his body whether he was perched high in the air or
buried deep underground. There was a sound of marching boots outside. The steel door
opened with a clang. A young officer, a trim black-uniformed figure
who seemed to glitter all over with polished leather, and whose
pale, straight-featured face was like a wax mask, stepped smartly
through the doorway. He motioned to the guards outside to bring
in the prisoner they were leading. The poet Ampleforth shambled
into the cell. The door clanged shut again.
Ampleforth made one or two uncertain movements from side
to side, as though having some idea that there was another door to
go out of, and then began to wander up and down the cell. He had
not yet noticed Winston’s presence. His troubled eyes were gazing
at the wall about a metre above the level of Winston’s head. He was
shoeless; large, dirty toes were sticking out of the holes in his
socks. He was also several days away from a shave. A scrubby beard
covered his face to the cheekbones, giving him an air of ruffianism
that went oddly with his large weak frame and nervous
movements.
Winston roused himself a little from his lethargy. He must
speak to Ampleforth, and risk the yell from the telescreen. It was
even conceivable that Ampleforth was the bearer of the razor blade.
‘Ampleforth,’ he said.
There was no yell from the telescreen. Ampleforth paused,
mildly startled. His eyes focused themselves slowly on Winston.
‘Ah, Smith!’ he said. ‘You too!’
‘What are you in for?’
‘To tell you the truth —’ He sat down awkwardly on the bench
opposite Winston. ‘There is only one offence, is there not?’ he said.
‘And have you committed it?’
‘Apparently I have.’ He put a hand to his forehead and pressed his temples for a
moment, as though trying to remember something.
‘These things happen,’ he began vaguely. ‘I have been able to
recall one instance — a possible instance. It was an indiscretion,
undoubtedly. We were producing a definitive edition of the poems
of Kipling. I allowed the word “God” to remain at the end of a line.
I could not help it!’ he added almost indignantly, raising his face to
look at Winston. ‘It was impossible to change the line. The rhyme
was “rod”. Do you realize that there are only twelve rhymes to “rod”
in the entire language? For days I had racked my brains. There
WAS no other rhyme.’
The expression on his face changed. The annoyance passed out
of it and for a moment he looked almost pleased. A sort of
intellectual warmth, the joy of the pedant who has found out some
useless fact, shone through the dirt and scrubby hair.
‘Has it ever occurred to you,’ he said, ‘that the whole history of
English poetry has been determined by the fact that the English
language lacks rhymes?’
No, that particular thought had never occurred to Winston.
Nor, in the circumstances, did it strike him as very important or
interesting.
‘Do you know what time of day it is?’ he said.
Ampleforth looked startled again. ‘I had hardly thought about
it. They arrested me — it could be two days ago — perhaps three.’
His eyes flitted round the walls, as though he half expected to find
a window somewhere. ‘There is no difference between night and
day in this place. I do not see how one can calculate the time.’
They talked desultorily for some minutes, then, without
apparent reason, a yell from the telescreen bade them be silent.
Winston sat quietly, his hands crossed. Ampleforth, too large to sit in comfort on the narrow bench, fidgeted from side to side,
clasping his lank hands first round one knee, then round the other.
The telescreen barked at him to keep still. Time passed. Twenty
minutes, an hour — it was difficult to judge. Once more there was a
sound of boots outside. Winston’s entrails contracted. Soon, very
soon, perhaps in five minutes, perhaps now, the tramp of boots
would mean that his own turn had come.
The door opened. The cold-faced young officer stepped into the
cell. With a brief movement of the hand he indicated Ampleforth.
‘Room 101,’ he said.
Ampleforth marched clumsily out between the guards, his face
vaguely perturbed, but uncomprehending.
What seemed like a long time passed. The pain in Winston’s
belly had revived. His mind sagged round and round on the same
trick, like a ball falling again and again into the same series of slots.
He had only six thoughts. The pain in his belly; a piece of bread;
the blood and the screaming; O’Brien; Julia; the razor blade. There
was another spasm in his entrails, the heavy boots were
approaching. As the door opened, the wave of air that it created
brought in a powerful smell of cold sweat. Parsons walked into the
cell. He was wearing khaki shorts and a sports-shirt.
This time Winston was startled into self-forgetfulness.
‘YOU here!’ he said.
Parsons gave Winston a glance in which there was neither
interest nor surprise, but only misery. He began walking jerkily up
and down, evidently unable to keep still. Each time he straightened
his pudgy knees it was apparent that they were trembling. His eyes
had a wide-open, staring look, as though he could not prevent
himself from gazing at something in the middle distance. ‘What are you in for?’ said Winston.
‘Thoughtcrime!’ said Parsons, almost blubbering. The tone of
his voice implied at once a complete admission of his guilt and a
sort of incredulous horror that such a word could be applied to
himself. He paused opposite Winston and began eagerly appealing
to him: ‘You don’t think they’ll shoot me, do you, old chap? They
don’t shoot you if you haven’t actually done anything — only
thoughts, which you can’t help? I know they give you a fair
hearing. Oh, I trust them for that! They’ll know my record, won’t
they? YOU know what kind of chap I was. Not a bad chap in my
way. Not brainy, of course, but keen. I tried to do my best for the
Party, didn’t I? I’ll get off with five years, don’t you think? Or even
ten years? A chap like me could make himself pretty useful in a
labour-camp. They wouldn’t shoot me for going off the rails just
once?’
‘Are you guilty?’ said Winston.
‘Of course I’m guilty!’ cried Parsons with a servile glance at the
telescreen. ‘You don’t think the Party would arrest an innocent
man, do you?’ His frog-like face grew calmer, and even took on a
slightly sanctimonious expression. ‘Thoughtcrime is a dreadful
thing, old man,’ he said sententiously. ‘It’s insidious. It can get
hold of you without your even knowing it. Do you know how it got
hold of me? In my sleep! Yes, that’s a fact. There I was, working
away, trying to do my bit — never knew I had any bad stuff in my
mind at all. And then I started talking in my sleep. Do you know
what they heard me saying?’
He sank his voice, like someone who is obliged for medical
reasons to utter an obscenity.
‘“Down with Big Brother!” Yes, I said that! Said it over and
over again, it seems. Between you and me, old man, I’m glad they got me before it went any further. Do you know what I’m going to
say to them when I go up before the tribunal? “Thank you,” I’m
going to say, “thank you for saving me before it was too late.”’
‘Who denounced you?’ said Winston.
‘It was my little daughter,’ said Parsons with a sort of doleful
pride. ‘She listened at the keyhole. Heard what I was saying, and
nipped off to the patrols the very next day. Pretty smart for a nipper
of seven, eh? I don’t bear her any grudge for it. In fact I’m proud of
her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway.’
He made a few more jerky movements up and down, several
times, casting a longing glance at the lavatory pan. Then he
suddenly ripped down his shorts.
‘Excuse me, old man,’ he said. ‘I can’t help it. It’s the waiting.’
He plumped his large posterior into the lavatory pan. Winston
covered his face with his hands.
‘Smith!’ yelled the voice from the telescreen. ‘6079 Smith W.!
Uncover your face. No faces covered in the cells.’
Winston uncovered his face. Parsons used the lavatory, loudly
and abundantly. It then turned out that the plug was defective and
the cell stank abominably for hours afterwards.
Parsons was removed. More prisoners came and went,
mysteriously. One, a woman, was consigned to ‘Room 101’, and,
Winston noticed, seemed to shrivel and turn a different colour
when she heard the words. A time came when, if it had been
morning when he was brought here, it would be afternoon; or if it
had been afternoon, then it would be midnight. There were six
prisoners in the cell, men and women. All sat very still. Opposite
Winston there sat a man with a chinless, toothy face exactly like
that of some large, harmless rodent. His fat, mottled cheeks were so pouched at the bottom that it was difficult not to believe that he
had little stores of food tucked away there. His pale-grey eyes
flitted timorously from face to face and turned quickly away again
when he caught anyone’s eye.
The door opened, and another prisoner was brought in whose
appearance sent a momentary chill through Winston. He was a
commonplace, mean-looking man who might have been an
engineer or technician of some kind. But what was startling was
the emaciation of his face. It was like a skull. Because of its
thinness the mouth and eyes looked disproportionately large, and
the eyes seemed filled with a murderous, unappeasable hatred of
somebody or something.
The man sat down on the bench at a little distance from
Winston. Winston did not look at him again, but the tormented,
skull-like face was as vivid in his mind as though it had been
straight in front of his eyes. Suddenly he realized what was the
matter. The man was dying of starvation. The same thought
seemed to occur almost simultaneously to everyone in the cell.
There was a very faint stirring all the way round the bench. The
eyes of the chinless man kept flitting towards the skull-faced man,
then turning guiltily away, then being dragged back by an
irresistible attraction. Presently he began to fidget on his seat. At
last he stood up, waddled clumsily across the cell, dug down into
the pocket of his overalls, and, with an abashed air, held out a
grimy piece of bread to the skull-faced man.
There was a furious, deafening roar from the telescreen. The
chinless man jumped in his tracks. The skull-faced man had
quickly thrust his hands behind his back, as though demonstrating
to all the world that he refused the gift.
‘Bumstead!’ roared the voice. ‘2713 Bumstead J.! Let fall that piece of bread!’
The chinless man dropped the piece of bread on the floor.
‘Remain standing where you are,’ said the voice. ‘Face the
door. Make no movement.’
The chinless man obeyed. His large pouchy cheeks were
quivering uncontrollably. The door clanged open. As the young
officer entered and stepped aside, there emerged from behind him
a short stumpy guard with enormous arms and shoulders. He took
his stand opposite the chinless man, and then, at a signal from the
officer, let free a frightful blow, with all the weight of his body
behind it, full in the chinless man’s mouth. The force of it seemed
almost to knock him clear of the floor. His body was flung across
the cell and fetched up against the base of the lavatory seat. For a
moment he lay as though stunned, with dark blood oozing from his
mouth and nose. A very faint whimpering or squeaking, which
seemed unconscious, came out of him. Then he rolled over and
raised himself unsteadily on hands and knees. Amid a stream of
blood and saliva, the two halves of a dental plate fell out of his
mouth.
The prisoners sat very still, their hands crossed on their knees.
The chinless man climbed back into his place. Down one side of his
face the flesh was darkening. His mouth had swollen into a
shapeless cherry-coloured mass with a black hole in the middle of
it.
From time to time a little blood dripped on to the breast of his
overalls. His grey eyes still flitted from face to face, more guiltily
than ever, as though he were trying to discover how much the
others despised him for his humiliation.
The door opened. With a small gesture the officer indicated
the skull-faced man.

‘Room 101,’ he said.
There was a gasp and a flurry at Winston’s side. The man had
actually flung himself on his knees on the floor, with his hand
clasped together.
‘Comrade! Officer!’ he cried. ‘You don’t have to take me to that
place! Haven’t I told you everything already? What else is it you
want to know? There’s nothing I wouldn’t confess, nothing! Just
tell me what it is and I’ll confess straight off. Write it down and I’ll
sign it — anything! Not room 101!’
‘Room 101,’ said the officer.
The man’s face, already very pale, turned a colour Winston
would not have believed possible. It was definitely, unmistakably, a
shade of green.
‘Do anything to me!’ he yelled. ‘You’ve been starving me for
weeks. Finish it off and let me die. Shoot me. Hang me. Sentence
me to twenty-five years. Is there somebody else you want me to
give away? Just say who it is and I’ll tell you anything you want. I
don’t care who it is or what you do to them. I’ve got a wife and
three children. The biggest of them isn’t six years old. You can take
the whole lot of them and cut their throats in front of my eyes, and
I’ll stand by and watch it. But not Room 101!’
‘Room 101,’ said the officer.
The man looked frantically round at the other prisoners, as
though with some idea that he could put another victim in his own
place. His eyes settled on the smashed face of the chinless man. He
flung out a lean arm.
‘That’s the one you ought to be taking, not me!’ he shouted.
‘You didn’t hear what he was saying after they bashed his face. Give
me a chance and I’ll tell you every word of it. HE’S the one that’s against the Party, not me.’ The guards stepped forward. The man’s
voice rose to a shriek. ‘You didn’t hear him!’ he repeated.
‘Something went wrong with the telescreen. HE’S the one you
want. Take him, not me!’
The two sturdy guards had stooped to take him by the arms.
But just at this moment he flung himself across the floor of the cell
and grabbed one of the iron legs that supported the bench. He had
set up a wordless howling, like an animal. The guards took hold of
him to wrench him loose, but he clung on with astonishing
strength. For perhaps twenty seconds they were hauling at him.
The prisoners sat quiet, their hands crossed on their knees, looking
straight in front of them. The howling stopped; the man had no
breath left for anything except hanging on. Then there was a
different kind of cry. A kick from a guard’s boot had broken the
fingers of one of his hands. They dragged him to his feet.
‘Room 101,’ said the officer.
The man was led out, walking unsteadily, with head sunken,
nursing his crushed hand, all the fight had gone out of him.
A long time passed. If it had been midnight when the skullfaced man was taken away, it was morning: if morning, it was
afternoon. Winston was alone, and had been alone for hours. The
pain of sitting on the narrow bench was such that often he got up
and walked about, unreproved by the telescreen. The piece of bread
still lay where the chinless man had dropped it. At the beginning it
needed a hard effort not to look at it, but presently hunger gave
way to thirst. His mouth was sticky and evil-tasting. The humming
sound and the unvarying white light induced a sort of faintness, an
empty feeling inside his head. He would get up because the ache in
his bones was no longer bearable, and then would sit down again
almost at once because he was too dizzy to make sure of staying on his feet. Whenever his physical sensations were a little under
control the terror returned. Sometimes with a fading hope he
thought of O’Brien and the razor blade. It was thinkable that the
razor blade might arrive concealed in his food, if he were ever fed.
More dimly he thought of Julia. Somewhere or other she was
suffering perhaps far worse than he. She might be screaming with
pain at this moment. He thought: ‘If I could save Julia by doubling
my own pain, would I do it? Yes, I would.’ But that was merely an
intellectual decision, taken because he knew that he ought to take
it. He did not feel it. In this place you could not feel anything,
except pain and foreknowledge of pain. Besides, was it possible,
when you were actually suffering it, to wish for any reason that
your own pain should increase? But that question was not
answerable yet.
The boots were approaching again. The door opened. O’Brien
came in.
Winston started to his feet. The shock of the sight had driven
all caution out of him. For the first time in many years he forgot
the presence of the telescreen.
‘They’ve got you too!’ he cried.
‘They got me a long time ago,’ said O’Brien with a mild, almost
regretful irony. He stepped aside. From behind him there emerged
a broad-chested guard with a long black truncheon in his hand.
‘You know this, Winston,’ said O’Brien. ‘Don’t deceive
yourself. You did know it — you have always known it.’
Yes, he saw now, he had always known it. But there was no
time to think of that. All he had eyes for was the truncheon in the
guard’s hand. It might fall anywhere; on the crown, on the tip of
the ear, on the upper arm, on the elbow ——
The elbow! He had slumped to his knees, almost paralysed, clasping the stricken elbow with his other hand. Everything had
exploded into yellow light. Inconceivable, inconceivable that one
blow could cause such pain! The light cleared and he could see the
other two looking down at him. The guard was laughing at his
contortions. One question at any rate was answered. Never, for any
reason on earth, could you wish for an increase of pain. Of pain you
could wish only one thing: that it should stop. Nothing in the world
was so bad as physical pain. In the face of pain there are no heroes,
no heroes, he thought over and over as he writhed on the floor,
clutching uselessly at his disabled left arm.

CHAPTER 2

He was lying on something that felt like a camp bed, exceptthat it was higher off the ground and that he was fixeddown in some way so that he could not move. Light thatseemed stronger than usual was falling on his face. O’Brien wasstanding at his side, looking down at him intently. At the other sideof him stood a man in a white coat, holding a hypodermic syringe.Even after his eyes were open he took in his surroundings onlygradually. He had the impression of swimming up into this roomfrom some quite different world, a sort of underwater world farbeneath it. How long he had been down there he did not know.Since the moment when they arrested him he had not seendarkness or daylight. Besides, his memories were not continuous.There had been times when consciousness, even the sort ofconsciousness that one has in sleep, had stopped dead and startedagain after a blank interval. But whether the intervals were of daysor weeks or only seconds, there was no way of knowing.With that first blow on the elbow the nightmare had started.Later he was to realize that all that then happened was merely apreliminary, a routine interrogation to which nearly all prisonerswere subjected. There was a long range of crimes — espionage,sabotage, and the like — to which everyone had to confess as amatter of course. The confession was a formality, though thetorture was real. How many times he had been beaten, how longthe beatings had continued, he could not remember. Always therewere five or six men in black uniforms at him simultaneously. Sometimes it was fists, sometimes it was truncheons, sometimes itwas steel rods, sometimes it was boots. There were times when herolled about the floor, as shameless as an animal, writhing his bodythis way and that in an endless, hopeless effort to dodge the kicks,and simply inviting more and yet more kicks, in his ribs, in hisbelly, on his elbows, on his shins, in his groin, in his testicles, onthe bone at the base of his spine. There were times when it went onand on until the cruel, wicked, unforgivable thing seemed to himnot that the guards continued to beat him but that he could notforce himself into losing consciousness. There were times when hisnerve so forsook him that he began shouting for mercy even beforethe beating began, when the mere sight of a fist drawn back for ablow was enough to make him pour forth a confession of real andimaginary crimes. There were other times when he started out withthe resolve of confessing nothing, when every word had to beforced out of him between gasps of pain, and there were timeswhen he feebly tried to compromise, when he said to himself: ‘Iwill confess, but not yet. I must hold out till the pain becomesunbearable. Three more kicks, two more kicks, and then I will tellthem what they want.’ Sometimes he was beaten till he couldhardly stand, then flung like a sack of potatoes on to the stone floorof a cell, left to recuperate for a few hours, and then taken out andbeaten again. There were also longer periods of recovery. Heremembered them dimly, because they were spent chiefly in sleepor stupor. He remembered a cell with a plank bed, a sort of shelfsticking out from the wall, and a tin wash-basin, and meals of hotsoup and bread and sometimes coffee. He remembered a surlybarber arriving to scrape his chin and crop his hair, andbusinesslike, unsympathetic men in white coats feeling his pulse,tapping his reflexes, turning up his eyelids, running harsh fingersover him in search for broken bones, and shooting needles into his arm to make him sleep.The beatings grew less frequent, and became mainly a threat, ahorror to which he could be sent back at any moment when hisanswers were unsatisfactory. His questioners now were notruffians in black uniforms but Party intellectuals, little rotund menwith quick movements and flashing spectacles, who worked on himin relays over periods which lasted — he thought, he could not besure — ten or twelve hours at a stretch. These other questionerssaw to it that he was in constant slight pain, but it was not chieflypain that they relied on. They slapped his face, wrung his ears,pulled his hair, made him stand on one leg, refused him leave tourinate, shone glaring lights in his face until his eyes ran withwater; but the aim of this was simply to humiliate him and destroyhis power of arguing and reasoning. Their real weapon was themerciless questioning that went on and on, hour after hour,tripping him up, laying traps for him, twisting everything that hesaid, convicting him at every step of lies and self-contradictionuntil he began weeping as much from shame as from nervousfatigue. Sometimes he would weep half a dozen times in a singlesession. Most of the time they screamed abuse at him andthreatened at every hesitation to deliver him over to the guardsagain; but sometimes they would suddenly change their tune, callhim comrade, appeal to him in the name of Ingsoc and Big Brother,and ask him sorrowfully whether even now he had not enoughloyalty to the Party left to make him wish to undo the evil he haddone. When his nerves were in rags after hours of questioning,even this appeal could reduce him to snivelling tears. In the endthe nagging voices broke him down more completely than theboots and fists of the guards. He became simply a mouth thatuttered, a hand that signed, whatever was demanded of him. His sole concern was to find out what they wanted him to confess, andthen confess it quickly, before the bullying started anew. Heconfessed to the assassination of eminent Party members, thedistribution of seditious pamphlets, embezzlement of public funds,sale of military secrets, sabotage of every kind. He confessed thathe had been a spy in the pay of the Eastasian government as farback as 1968. He confessed that he was a religious believer, anadmirer of capitalism, and a sexual pervert. He confessed that hehad murdered his wife, although he knew, and his questionersmust have known, that his wife was still alive. He confessed thatfor years he had been in personal touch with Goldstein and hadbeen a member of an underground organization which hadincluded almost every human being he had ever known. It waseasier to confess everything and implicate everybody. Besides, in asense it was all true. It was true that he had been the enemy of theParty, and in the eyes of the Party there was no distinction betweenthe thought and the deed.There were also memories of another kind. They stood out inhis mind disconnectedly, like pictures with blackness all roundthem.He was in a cell which might have been either dark or light,because he could see nothing except a pair of eyes. Near at handsome kind of instrument was ticking slowly and regularly. The eyesgrew larger and more luminous. Suddenly he floated out of hisseat, dived into the eyes, and was swallowed up.He was strapped into a chair surrounded by dials, underdazzling lights. A man in a white coat was reading the dials. Therewas a tramp of heavy boots outside. The door clanged open. Thewaxed-faced officer marched in, followed by two guards.‘Room 101,’ said the officer. The man in the white coat did not turn round. He did not lookat Winston either; he was looking only at the dials.He was rolling down a mighty corridor, a kilometre wide, fullof glorious, golden light, roaring with laughter and shouting outconfessions at the top of his voice. He was confessing everything,even the things he had succeeded in holding back under thetorture. He was relating the entire history of his life to an audiencewho knew it already. With him were the guards, the otherquestioners, the men in white coats, O’Brien, Julia, MrCharrington, all rolling down the corridor together and shoutingwith laughter. Some dreadful thing which had lain embedded in thefuture had somehow been skipped over and had not happened.Everything was all right, there was no more pain, the last detail ofhis life was laid bare, understood, forgiven.He was starting up from the plank bed in the half-certaintythat he had heard O’Brien’s voice. All through his interrogation,although he had never seen him, he had had the feeling thatO’Brien was at his elbow, just out of sight. It was O’Brien who wasdirecting everything. It was he who set the guards on to Winstonand who prevented them from killing him. It was he who decidedwhen Winston should scream with pain, when he should have arespite, when he should be fed, when he should sleep, when thedrugs should be pumped into his arm. It was he who asked thequestions and suggested the answers. He was the tormentor, hewas the protector, he was the inquisitor, he was the friend. Andonce — Winston could not remember whether it was in druggedsleep, or in normal sleep, or even in a moment of wakefulness — avoice murmured in his ear: ‘Don’t worry, Winston; you are in mykeeping. For seven years I have watched over you. Now theturning-point has come. I shall save you, I shall make you perfect.’ He was not sure whether it was O’Brien’s voice; but it was thesame voice that had said to him, ‘We shall meet in the place wherethere is no darkness,’ in that other dream, seven years ago.He did not remember any ending to his interrogation. Therewas a period of blackness and then the cell, or room, in which henow was had gradually materialized round him. He was almost flaton his back, and unable to move. His body was held down at everyessential point. Even the back of his head was gripped in somemanner. O’Brien was looking down at him gravely and rather sadly.His face, seen from below, looked coarse and worn, with pouchesunder the eyes and tired lines from nose to chin. He was older thanWinston had thought him; he was perhaps forty-eight or fifty.Under his hand there was a dial with a lever on top and figuresrunning round the face.‘I told you,’ said O’Brien, ‘that if we met again it would behere.’‘Yes,’ said Winston.Without any warning except a slight movement of O’Brien’shand, a wave of pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain,because he could not see what was happening, and he had thefeeling that some mortal injury was being done to him. He did notknow whether the thing was really happening, or whether theeffect was electrically produced; but his body was being wrenchedout of shape, the joints were being slowly torn apart. Although thepain had brought the sweat out on his forehead, the worst of allwas the fear that his backbone was about to snap. He set his teethand breathed hard through his nose, trying to keep silent as long aspossible.‘You are afraid,’ said O’Brien, watching his face, ‘that inanother moment something is going to break. Your especial fear is that it will be your backbone. You have a vivid mental picture of thevertebrae snapping apart and the spinal fluid dripping out of them.That is what you are thinking, is it not, Winston?’Winston did not answer. O’Brien drew back the lever on thedial. The wave of pain receded almost as quickly as it had come.‘That was forty,’ said O’Brien. ‘You can see that the numberson this dial run up to a hundred. Will you please remember,throughout our conversation, that I have it in my power to inflictpain on you at any moment and to whatever degree I choose? Ifyou tell me any lies, or attempt to prevaricate in any way, or evenfall below your usual level of intelligence, you will cry out withpain, instantly. Do you understand that?’‘Yes,’ said Winston.O’Brien’s manner became less severe. He resettled hisspectacles thoughtfully, and took a pace or two up and down. Whenhe spoke his voice was gentle and patient. He had the air of adoctor, a teacher, even a priest, anxious to explain and persuaderather than to punish.‘I am taking trouble with you, Winston,’ he said, ‘because youare worth trouble. You know perfectly well what is the matter withyou. You have known it for years, though you have fought againstthe knowledge. You are mentally deranged. You suffer from adefective memory. You are unable to remember real events andyou persuade yourself that you remember other events whichnever happened. Fortunately it is curable. You have never curedyourself of it, because you did not choose to. There was a smalleffort of the will that you were not ready to make. Even now, I amwell aware, you are clinging to your disease under the impressionthat it is a virtue. Now we will take an example. At this moment,which power is Oceania at war with?’ ‘When I was arrested, Oceania was at war with Eastasia.’‘With Eastasia. Good. And Oceania has always been at warwith Eastasia, has it not?’Winston drew in his breath. He opened his mouth to speakand then did not speak. He could not take his eyes away from thedial.‘The truth, please, Winston. YOUR truth. Tell me what youthink you remember.’‘I remember that until only a week before I was arrested, wewere not at war with Eastasia at all. We were in alliance with them.The war was against Eurasia. That had lasted for four years. Beforethat ——’O’Brien stopped him with a movement of the hand.‘Another example,’ he said. ‘Some years ago you had a veryserious delusion indeed. You believed that three men, three onetime Party members named Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford —men who were executed for treachery and sabotage after makingthe fullest possible confession — were not guilty of the crimes theywere charged with. You believed that you had seen unmistakabledocumentary evidence proving that their confessions were false.There was a certain photograph about which you had ahallucination. You believed that you had actually held it in yourhands. It was a photograph something like this.’An oblong slip of newspaper had appeared between O’Brien’sfingers. For perhaps five seconds it was within the angle ofWinston’s vision. It was a photograph, and there was no questionof its identity. It was THE photograph. It was another copy of thephotograph of Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford at the partyfunction in New York, which he had chanced upon eleven years agoand promptly destroyed. For only an instant it was before his eyes, then it was out of sight again. But he had seen it, unquestionablyhe had seen it! He made a desperate, agonizing effort to wrench thetop half of his body free. It was impossible to move so much as acentimetre in any direction. For the moment he had even forgottenthe dial. All he wanted was to hold the photograph in his fingersagain, or at least to see it.‘It exists!’ he cried.‘No,’ said O’Brien.He stepped across the room. There was a memory hole in theopposite wall. O’Brien lifted the grating. Unseen, the frail slip ofpaper was whirling away on the current of warm air; it wasvanishing in a flash of flame. O’Brien turned away from the wall.‘Ashes,’ he said. ‘Not even identifiable ashes. Dust. It does notexist. It never existed.’‘But it did exist! It does exist! It exists in memory. I rememberit. You remember it.’‘I do not remember it,’ said O’Brien.Winston’s heart sank. That was doublethink. He had a feelingof deadly helplessness. If he could have been certain that O’Brienwas lying, it would not have seemed to matter. But it was perfectlypossible that O’Brien had really forgotten the photograph. And ifso, then already he would have forgotten his denial ofremembering it, and forgotten the act of forgetting. How could onebe sure that it was simple trickery? Perhaps that lunatic dislocationin the mind could really happen: that was the thought that defeatedhim.O’Brien was looking down at him speculatively. More thanever he had the air of a teacher taking pains with a wayward butpromising child. ‘There is a Party slogan dealing with the control of the past,’ hesaid. ‘Repeat it, if you please.’‘“Who controls the past controls the future: who controls thepresent controls the past,”’ repeated Winston obediently.‘“Who controls the present controls the past,”’ said O’Brien,nodding his head with slow approval. ‘Is it your opinion, Winston,that the past has real existence?’Again the feeling of helplessness descended upon Winston.His eyes flitted towards the dial. He not only did not know whether‘yes’ or ‘no’ was the answer that would save him from pain; he didnot even know which answer he believed to be the true one.O’Brien smiled faintly. ‘You are no metaphysician, Winston,’he said. ‘Until this moment you had never considered what ismeant by existence. I will put it more precisely. Does the past existconcretely, in space? Is there somewhere or other a place, a worldof solid objects, where the past is still happening?’‘No.’‘Then where does the past exist, if at all?’‘In records. It is written down.’‘In records. And ——?’‘In the mind. In human memories.’‘In memory. Very well, then. We, the Party, control all records,and we control all memories. Then we control the past, do we not?’‘But how can you stop people remembering things?’ criedWinston again momentarily forgetting the dial. ‘It is involuntary. Itis outside oneself. How can you control memory? You have notcontrolled mine!’O’Brien’s manner grew stern again. He laid his hand on the dial. ‘On the contrary,’ he said, ‘YOU have not controlled it. That iswhat has brought you here. You are here because you have failed inhumility, in self-discipline. You would not make the act ofsubmission which is the price of sanity. You preferred to be alunatic, a minority of one. Only the disciplined mind can seereality, Winston. You believe that reality is something objective,external, existing in its own right. You also believe that the natureof reality is self-evident. When you delude yourself into thinkingthat you see something, you assume that everyone else sees thesame thing as you. But I tell you, Winston, that reality is notexternal. Reality exists in the human mind, and nowhere else. Notin the individual mind, which can make mistakes, and in any casesoon perishes: only in the mind of the Party, which is collective andimmortal. Whatever the Party holds to be the truth, is truth. It isimpossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of theParty. That is the fact that you have got to relearn, Winston. Itneeds an act of self-destruction, an effort of the will. You musthumble yourself before you can become sane.’He paused for a few moments, as though to allow what he hadbeen saying to sink in.‘Do you remember,’ he went on, ‘writing in your diary,“Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four”?’‘Yes,’ said Winston.O’Brien held up his left hand, its back towards Winston, withthe thumb hidden and the four fingers extended.‘How many fingers am I holding up, Winston?’‘Four.’‘And if the party says that it is not four but five — then how many?’ ‘Four.’The word ended in a gasp of pain. The needle of the dial hadshot up to fifty-five. The sweat had sprung out all over Winston’sbody. The air tore into his lungs and issued again in deep groanswhich even by clenching his teeth he could not stop. O’Brienwatched him, the four fingers still extended. He drew back thelever. This time the pain was only slightly eased.‘How many fingers, Winston?’‘Four.’The needle went up to sixty.‘How many fingers, Winston?’‘Four! Four! What else can I say? Four!’The needle must have risen again, but he did not look at it. Theheavy, stern face and the four fingers filled his vision. The fingersstood up before his eyes like pillars, enormous, blurry, andseeming to vibrate, but unmistakably four.‘How many fingers, Winston?’‘Four! Stop it, stop it! How can you go on? Four! Four!’‘How many fingers, Winston?’‘Five! Five! Five!’‘No, Winston, that is no use. You are lying. You still thinkthere are four. How many fingers, please?’‘Four! five! Four! Anything you like. Only stop it, stop thepain!’Abruptly he was sitting up with O’Brien’s arm round hisshoulders. He had perhaps lost consciousness for a few seconds.The bonds that had held his body down were loosened. He felt verycold, he was shaking uncontrollably, his teeth were chattering, thetears were rolling down his cheeks. For a moment he clung to O’Brien like a baby, curiously comforted by the heavy arm roundhis shoulders. He had the feeling that O’Brien was his protector,that the pain was something that came from outside, from someother source, and that it was O’Brien who would save him from it.‘You are a slow learner, Winston,’ said O’Brien gently.‘How can I help it?’ he blubbered. ‘How can I help seeing whatis in front of my eyes? Two and two are four.’‘Sometimes, Winston. Sometimes they are five. Sometimesthey are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once. You musttry harder. It is not easy to become sane.’He laid Winston down on the bed. The grip of his limbstightened again, but the pain had ebbed away and the tremblinghad stopped, leaving him merely weak and cold.

O’Brien motionedwith his head to the man in the white coat, who had stoodimmobile throughout the proceedings. The man in the white coatbent down and looked closely into Winston’s eyes, felt his pulse,laid an ear against his chest, tapped here and there, then he noddedto O’Brien.‘Again,’ said O’Brien.The pain flowed into Winston’s body. The needle must be atseventy, seventy-five. He had shut his eyes this time. He knew thatthe fingers were still there, and still four. All that mattered wassomehow to stay alive until the spasm was over. He had ceased tonotice whether he was crying out or not. The pain lessened again.He opened his eyes. O’Brien had drawn back the lever.‘How many fingers, Winston?’‘Four. I suppose there are four. I would see five if I could. I amtrying to see five.’‘Which do you wish: to persuade me that you see five, or really to see them?’‘Really to see them.’‘Again,’ said O’Brien.Perhaps the needle was eighty — ninety. Winston could notintermittently remember why the pain was happening. Behind hisscrewed-up eyelids a forest of fingers seemed to be moving in asort of dance, weaving in and out, disappearing behind one anotherand reappearing again. He was trying to count them, he could notremember why. He knew only that it was impossible to countthem, and that this was somehow due to the mysterious identitybetween five and four. The pain died down again. When he openedhis eyes it was to find that he was still seeing the same thing.Innumerable fingers, like moving trees, were still streaming past ineither direction, crossing and recrossing. He shut his eyes again.‘How many fingers am I holding up, Winston?’‘I don’t know. I don’t know. You will kill me if you do thatagain. Four, five, six — in all honesty I don’t know.’‘Better,’ said O’Brien.A needle slid into Winston’s arm. Almost in the same instant ablissful, healing warmth spread all through his body. The pain wasalready half-forgotten. He opened his eyes and looked up gratefullyat O’Brien. At sight of the heavy, lined face, so ugly and sointelligent, his heart seemed to turn over. If he could have movedhe would have stretched out a hand and laid it on O’Brien’s arm.He had never loved him so deeply as at this moment, and notmerely because he had stopped the pain. The old feeling, that atbottom it did not matter whether O’Brien was a friend or anenemy, had come back. O’Brien was a person who could be talkedto. Perhaps one did not want to be loved so much as to beunderstood. O’Brien had tortured him to the edge of lunacy, and in a little while, it was certain, he would send him to his death. Itmade no difference. In some sense that went deeper thanfriendship, they were intimates: somewhere or other, although theactual words might never be spoken, there was a place where theycould meet and talk. O’Brien was looking down at him with anexpression which suggested that the same thought might be in hisown mind. When he spoke it was in an easy, conversational tone.‘Do you know where you are, Winston?’ he said.‘I don’t know. I can guess. In the Ministry of Love.’‘Do you know how long you have been here?’‘I don’t know. Days, weeks, months — I think it is months.’‘And why do you imagine that we bring people to this place?’‘To make them confess.’‘No, that is not the reason. Try again.’‘To punish them.’‘No!’ exclaimed O’Brien. His voice had changedextraordinarily, and his face had suddenly become both stern andanimated. ‘No! Not merely to extract your confession, not topunish you. Shall I tell you why we have brought you here? To cureyou! To make you sane! Will you understand, Winston, that no onewhom we bring to this place ever leaves our hands uncured? Weare not interested in those stupid crimes that you have committed.The Party is not interested in the overt act: the thought is all wecare about. We do not merely destroy our enemies, we changethem. Do you understand what I mean by that?’He was bending over Winston. His face looked enormousbecause of its nearness, and hideously ugly because it was seenfrom below. Moreover it was filled with a sort of exaltation, alunatic intensity. Again Winston’s heart shrank. If it had been possible he would have cowered deeper into the bed. He felt certainthat O’Brien was about to twist the dial out of sheer wantonness.At this moment, however, O’Brien turned away. He took a pace ortwo up and down. Then he continued less vehemently:‘The first thing for you to understand is that in this place thereare no martyrdoms. You have read of the religious persecutions ofthe past. In the Middle Ages there was the Inquisition. It was afailure. It set out to eradicate heresy, and ended by perpetuating it.For every heretic it burned at the stake, thousands of others roseup. Why was that? Because the Inquisition killed its enemies in theopen, and killed them while they were still unrepentant: in fact, itkilled them because they were unrepentant. Men were dyingbecause they would not abandon their true beliefs. Naturally all theglory belonged to the victim and all the shame to the Inquisitorwho burned him. Later, in the twentieth century, there were thetotalitarians, as they were called. There were the German Nazis andthe Russian Communists. The Russians persecuted heresy morecruelly than the Inquisition had done. And they imagined that theyhad learned from the mistakes of the past; they knew, at any rate,that one must not make martyrs. Before they exposed their victimsto public trial, they deliberately set themselves to destroy theirdignity. They wore them down by torture and solitude until theywere despicable, cringing wretches, confessing whatever was putinto their mouths, covering themselves with abuse, accusing andsheltering behind one another, whimpering for mercy. And yetafter only a few years the same thing had happened over again. Thedead men had become martyrs and their degradation wasforgotten. Once again, why was it? In the first place, because theconfessions that they had made were obviously extorted anduntrue. We do not make mistakes of that kind. All the confessions that are uttered here are true. We make them true. And above allwe do not allow the dead to rise up against us. You must stopimagining that posterity will vindicate you, Winston. Posterity willnever hear of you. You will be lifted clean out from the stream ofhistory. We shall turn you into gas and pour you into thestratosphere. Nothing will remain of you, not a name in a register,not a memory in a living brain. You will be annihilated in the pastas well as in the future. You will never have existed.’Then why bother to torture me? thought Winston, with amomentary bitterness. O’Brien checked his step as thoughWinston had uttered the thought aloud. His large ugly face camenearer, with the eyes a little narrowed.‘You are thinking,’ he said, ‘that since we intend to destroy youutterly, so that nothing that you say or do can make the smallestdifference — in that case, why do we go to the trouble ofinterrogating you first? That is what you were thinking, was it not?’‘Yes,’ said Winston.O’Brien smiled slightly. ‘You are a flaw in the pattern,Winston. You are a stain that must be wiped out. Did I not tell youjust now that we are different from the persecutors of the past? Weare not content with negative obedience, nor even with the mostabject submission. When finally you surrender to us, it must be ofyour own free will. We do not destroy the heretic because he resistsus: so long as he resists us we never destroy him. We convert him,we capture his inner mind, we reshape him. We burn all evil and allillusion out of him; we bring him over to our side, not inappearance, but genuinely, heart and soul. We make him one ofourselves before we kill him. It is intolerable to us that anerroneous thought should exist anywhere in the world, howeversecret and powerless it may be. Even in the instant of death we cannot permit any deviation. In the old days the heretic walked tothe stake still a heretic, proclaiming his heresy, exulting in it. Eventhe victim of the Russian purges could carry rebellion locked up inhis skull as he walked down the passage waiting for the bullet. Butwe make the brain perfect before we blow it out. The command ofthe old despotisms was “Thou shalt not”. The command of thetotalitarians was “Thou shalt”. Our command is “THOU ART”. Noone whom we bring to this place ever stands out against us.Everyone is washed clean. Even those three miserable traitors inwhose innocence you once believed — Jones, Aaronson, andRutherford — in the end we broke them down. I took part in theirinterrogation myself. I saw them gradually worn down,whimpering, grovelling, weeping — and in the end it was not withpain or fear, only with penitence. By the time we had finished withthem they were only the shells of men. There was nothing left inthem except sorrow for what they had done, and love of BigBrother. It was touching to see how they loved him. They begged tobe shot quickly, so that they could die while their minds were stillclean.’His voice had grown almost dreamy. The exaltation, thelunatic enthusiasm, was still in his face. He is not pretending,thought Winston, he is not a hypocrite, he believes every word hesays. What most oppressed him was the consciousness of his ownintellectual inferiority. He watched the heavy yet graceful formstrolling to and fro, in and out of the range of his vision. O’Brienwas a being in all ways larger than himself. There was no idea thathe had ever had, or could have, that O’Brien had not long agoknown, examined, and rejected. His mind CONTAINED Winston’smind. But in that case how could it be true that O’Brien was mad?It must be he, Winston, who was mad. O’Brien halted and looked down at him. His voice had grown stern again.‘Do not imagine that you will save yourself, Winston, howevercompletely you surrender to us. No one who has once gone astrayis ever spared. And even if we chose to let you live out the naturalterm of your life, still you would never escape from us. Whathappens to you here is for ever. Understand that in advance. Weshall crush you down to the point from which there is no comingback. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover,if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable ofordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Neveragain will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, orlaughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow.We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you withourselves.’He paused and signed to the man in the white coat. Winstonwas aware of some heavy piece of apparatus being pushed intoplace behind his head. O’Brien had sat down beside the bed, so thathis face was almost on a level with Winston’s.‘Three thousand,’ he said, speaking over Winston’s head to theman in the white coat.Two soft pads, which felt slightly moist, clamped themselvesagainst Winston’s temples. He quailed. There was pain coming, anew kind of pain. O’Brien laid a hand reassuringly, almost kindly,on his.‘This time it will not hurt,’ he said. ‘Keep your eyes fixed onmine.’At this moment there was a devastating explosion, or whatseemed like an explosion, though it was not certain whether therewas any noise. There was undoubtedly a blinding flash of light.Winston was not hurt, only prostrated. Although he had already been lying on his back when the thing happened, he had a curiousfeeling that he had been knocked into that position. A terrificpainless blow had flattened him out. Also something had happenedinside his head. As his eyes regained their focus he rememberedwho he was, and where he was, and recognized the face that wasgazing into his own; but somewhere or other there was a largepatch of emptiness, as though a piece had been taken out of hisbrain.‘It will not last,’ said O’Brien. ‘Look me in the eyes. Whatcountry is Oceania at war with?’Winston thought. He knew what was meant by Oceania andthat he himself was a citizen of Oceania. He also rememberedEurasia and Eastasia; but who was at war with whom he did notknow. In fact he had not been aware that there was any war.‘I don’t remember.’‘Oceania is at war with Eastasia. Do you remember that now?’‘Yes.’‘Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia. Since thebeginning of your life, since the beginning of the Party, since thebeginning of history, the war has continued without a break,always the same war. Do you remember that?’‘Yes.’‘Eleven years ago you created a legend about three men whohad been condemned to death for treachery. You pretended thatyou had seen a piece of paper which proved them innocent. Nosuch piece of paper ever existed. You invented it, and later yougrew to believe in it. You remember now the very moment at whichyou first invented it. Do you remember that?’‘Yes.’ ‘Just now I held up the fingers of my hand to you. You saw fivefingers. Do you remember that?’‘Yes.’O’Brien held up the fingers of his left hand, with the thumbconcealed.‘There are five fingers there. Do you see five fingers?’‘Yes.’And he did see them, for a fleeting instant, before the sceneryof his mind changed. He saw five fingers, and there was nodeformity. Then everything was normal again, and the old fear, thehatred, and the bewilderment came crowding back again. But therehad been a moment — he did not know how long, thirty seconds,perhaps — of luminous certainty, when each new suggestion ofO’Brien’s had filled up a patch of emptiness and become absolutetruth, and when two and two could have been three as easily asfive, if that were what was needed. It had faded but before O’Brienhad dropped his hand; but though he could not recapture it, hecould remember it, as one remembers a vivid experience at someperiod of one’s life when one was in effect a different person.‘You see now,’ said O’Brien, ‘that it is at any rate possible.’‘Yes,’ said Winston.O’Brien stood up with a satisfied air. Over to his left Winstonsaw the man in the white coat break an ampoule and draw back theplunger of a syringe. O’Brien turned to Winston with a smile. Inalmost the old manner he resettled his spectacles on his nose.‘Do you remember writing in your diary,’ he said, ‘that it didnot matter whether I was a friend or an enemy, since I was at leasta person who understood you and could be talked to? You wereright. I enjoy talking to you. Your mind appeals to me. It resembles my own mind except that you happen to be insane. Before we bringthe session to an end you can ask me a few questions, if youchoose.’‘Any question I like?’‘Anything.’ He saw that Winston’s eyes were upon the dial. ‘Itis switched off. What is your first question?’‘What have you done with Julia?’ said Winston.O’Brien smiled again. ‘She betrayed you, Winston.Immediately — unreservedly. I have seldom seen anyone comeover to us so promptly. You would hardly recognize her if you sawher. All her rebelliousness, her deceit, her folly, her dirtymindedness — everything has been burned out of her. It was aperfect conversion, a textbook case.’‘You tortured her?’O’Brien left this unanswered. ‘Next question,’ he said.‘Does Big Brother exist?’‘Of course he exists. The Party exists. Big Brother is theembodiment of the Party.’‘Does he exist in the same way as I exist?’‘You do not exist,’ said O’Brien.Once again the sense of helplessness assailed him. He knew,or he could imagine, the arguments which proved his ownnonexistence; but they were nonsense, they were only a play onwords. Did not the statement, ‘You do not exist’, contain a logicalabsurdity? But what use was it to say so? His mind shrivelled as hethought of the unanswerable, mad arguments with which O’Brienwould demolish him.‘I think I exist,’ he said wearily. ‘I am conscious of my ownidentity. I was born and I shall die. I have arms and legs. I occupy a particular point in space. No other solid object can occupy the samepoint simultaneously. In that sense, does Big Brother exist?’‘It is of no importance. He exists.’‘Will Big Brother ever die?’‘Of course not. How could he die? Next question.’‘Does the Brotherhood exist?’‘That, Winston, you will never know. If we choose to set youfree when we have finished with you, and if you live to be ninetyyears old, still you will never learn whether the answer to thatquestion is Yes or No. As long as you live it will be an unsolvedriddle in your mind.’Winston lay silent. His breast rose and fell a little faster. Hestill had not asked the question that had come into his mind thefirst. He had got to ask it, and yet it was as though his tonguewould not utter it. There was a trace of amusement in O’Brien’sface. Even his spectacles seemed to wear an ironical gleam. Heknows, thought Winston suddenly, he knows what I am going toask! At the thought the words burst out of him:‘What is in Room 101?’The expression on O’Brien’s face did not change. He answereddrily:‘You know what is in Room 101, Winston. Everyone knowswhat is in Room 101.’He raised a finger to the man in the white coat. Evidently thesession was at an end. A needle jerked into Winston’s arm. He sankalmost instantly into deep sleep.

CHAPTER 3

‘There are three stages in your reintegration,’ said O’Brien.
‘There is learning, there is understanding, and there is
acceptance. It is time for you to enter upon the second
stage.’
As always, Winston was lying flat on his back. But of late his
bonds were looser. They still held him to the bed, but he could
move his knees a little and could turn his head from side to side
and raise his arms from the elbow. The dial, also, had grown to be
less of a terror. He could evade its pangs if he was quick-witted
enough: it was chiefly when he showed stupidity that O’Brien
pulled the lever. Sometimes they got through a whole session
without use of the dial. He could not remember how many sessions
there had been. The whole process seemed to stretch out over a
long, indefinite time — weeks, possibly — and the intervals
between the sessions might sometimes have been days, sometimes
only an hour or two.
‘As you lie there,’ said O’Brien, ‘you have often wondered —
you have even asked me — why the Ministry of Love should expend
so much time and trouble on you. And when you were free you
were puzzled by what was essentially the same question. You could
grasp the mechanics of the Society you lived in, but not its
underlying motives. Do you remember writing in your diary, “I
understand HOW: I do not understand WHY”? It was when you
thought about “why” that you doubted your own sanity. You have
read THE BOOK, Goldstein’s book, or parts of it, at least. Did it tell you anything that you did not know already?’
‘You have read it?’ said Winston.
‘I wrote it. That is to say, I collaborated in writing it. No book
is produced individually, as you know.’
‘Is it true, what it says?’
‘As description, yes. The programme it sets forth is nonsense.
The secret accumulation of knowledge — a gradual spread of
enlightenment — ultimately a proletarian rebellion — the
overthrow of the Party. You foresaw yourself that that was what it
would say. It is all nonsense. The proletarians will never revolt, not
in a thousand years or a million. They cannot. I do not have to tell
you the reason: you know it already. If you have ever cherished any
dreams of violent insurrection, you must abandon them. There is
no way in which the Party can be overthrown. The rule of the Party
is for ever. Make that the starting-point of your thoughts.’
He came closer to the bed. ‘For ever!’ he repeated. ‘And now let
us get back to the question of “how” and “why”. You understand
well enough HOW the Party maintains itself in power. Now tell me
WHY we cling to power. What is our motive? Why should we want
power? Go on, speak,’ he added as Winston remained silent.
Nevertheless Winston did not speak for another moment or
two. A feeling of weariness had overwhelmed him. The faint, mad
gleam of enthusiasm had come back into O’Brien’s face. He knew
in advance what O’Brien would say. That the Party did not seek
power for its own ends, but only for the good of the majority. That
it sought power because men in the mass were frail, cowardly
creatures who could not endure liberty or face the truth, and must
be ruled over and systematically deceived by others who were
stronger than themselves. That the choice for mankind lay between
freedom and happiness, and that, for the great bulk of mankind, happiness was better. That the party was the eternal guardian of
the weak, a dedicated sect doing evil that good might come,
sacrificing its own happiness to that of others. The terrible thing,
thought Winston, the terrible thing was that when O’Brien said
this he would believe it. You could see it in his face. O’Brien knew
everything. A thousand times better than Winston he knew what
the world was really like, in what degradation the mass of human
beings lived and by what lies and barbarities the Party kept them
there. He had understood it all, weighed it all, and it made no
difference: all was justified by the ultimate purpose. What can you
do, thought Winston, against the lunatic who is more intelligent
than yourself, who gives your arguments a fair hearing and then
simply persists in his lunacy?
‘You are ruling over us for our own good,’ he said feebly. ‘You
believe that human beings are not fit to govern themselves, and
therefore ——’
He started and almost cried out. A pang of pain had shot
through his body. O’Brien had pushed the lever of the dial up to
thirty-five.
‘That was stupid, Winston, stupid!’ he said. ‘You should know
better than to say a thing like that.’
He pulled the lever back and continued:
‘Now I will tell you the answer to my question. It is this. The
Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested
in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth
or luxury or long life or happiness: only power, pure power. What
pure power means you will understand presently. We are different
from all the oligarchies of the past, in that we know what we are
doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were
cowards and hypocrites. The German Nazis and the Russian Communists came very close to us in their methods, but they never
had the courage to recognize their own motives. They pretended,
perhaps they even believed, that they had seized power unwillingly
and for a limited time, and that just round the corner there lay a
paradise where human beings would be free and equal. We are not
like that. We know that no one ever seizes power with the
intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means, it is an end.
One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a
revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the
dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of
torture is torture. The object of power is power. Now do you begin
to understand me?’
Winston was struck, as he had been struck before, by the
tiredness of O’Brien’s face. It was strong and fleshy and brutal, it
was full of intelligence and a sort of controlled passion before
which he felt himself helpless; but it was tired. There were pouches
under the eyes, the skin sagged from the cheekbones. O’Brien
leaned over him, deliberately bringing the worn face nearer.
‘You are thinking,’ he said, ‘that my face is old and tired. You
are thinking that I talk of power, and yet I am not even able to
prevent the decay of my own body. Can you not understand,
Winston, that the individual is only a cell? The weariness of the
cell is the vigour of the organism. Do you die when you cut your
fingernails?’
He turned away from the bed and began strolling up and down
again, one hand in his pocket.
‘We are the priests of power,’ he said. ‘God is power. But at
present power is only a word so far as you are concerned. It is time
for you to gather some idea of what power means. The first thing
you must realize is that power is collective. The individual only has power in so far as he ceases to be an individual. You know the Party
slogan: “Freedom is Slavery”. Has it ever occurred to you that it is
reversible? Slavery is freedom. Alone — free — the human being is
always defeated. It must be so, because every human being is
doomed to die, which is the greatest of all failures. But if he can
make complete, utter submission, if he can escape from his
identity, if he can merge himself in the Party so that he IS the
Party, then he is all-powerful and immortal. The second thing for
you to realize is that power is power over human beings. Over the
body — but, above all, over the mind. Power over matter — external
reality, as you would call it — is not important. Already our control
over matter is absolute.’
For a moment Winston ignored the dial. He made a violent
effort to raise himself into a sitting position, and merely succeeded
in wrenching his body painfully.
‘But how can you control matter?’ he burst out. ‘You don’t
even control the climate or the law of gravity. And there are
disease, pain, death ——’
O’Brien silenced him by a movement of his hand. ‘We control
matter because we control the mind. Reality is inside the skull. You
will learn by degrees, Winston. There is nothing that we could not
do. Invisibility, levitation — anything. I could float off this floor
like a soap bubble if I wish to. I do not wish to, because the Party
does not wish it. You must get rid of those nineteenth-century
ideas about the laws of Nature. We make the laws of Nature.’
‘But you do not! You are not even masters of this planet. What
about Eurasia and Eastasia? You have not conquered them yet.’
‘Unimportant. We shall conquer them when it suits us. And if
we did not, what difference would it make? We can shut them out
of existence. Oceania is the world.’ ‘But the world itself is only a speck of dust. And man is tiny —
helpless! How long has he been in existence? For millions of years
the earth was uninhabited.’
‘Nonsense. The earth is as old as we are, no older. How could it
be older? Nothing exists except through human consciousness.’
‘But the rocks are full of the bones of extinct animals —
mammoths and mastodons and enormous reptiles which lived here
long before man was ever heard of.’
‘Have you ever seen those bones, Winston? Of course not.
Nineteenth-century biologists invented them. Before man there
was nothing. After man, if he could come to an end, there would be
nothing. Outside man there is nothing.’
‘But the whole universe is outside us. Look at the stars! Some
of them are a million light-years away. They are out of our reach
for ever.’
‘What are the stars?’ said O’Brien indifferently. ‘They are bits
of fire a few kilometres away. We could reach them if we wanted
to. Or we could blot them out. The earth is the centre of the
universe. The sun and the stars go round it.’
Winston made another convulsive movement. This time he did
not say anything. O’Brien continued as though answering a spoken
objection:
‘For certain purposes, of course, that is not true. When we
navigate the ocean, or when we predict an eclipse, we often find it
convenient to assume that the earth goes round the sun and that
the stars are millions upon millions of kilometres away. But what
of it? Do you suppose it is beyond us to produce a dual system of
astronomy? The stars can be near or distant, according as we need
them. Do you suppose our mathematicians are unequal to that?
Have you forgotten doublethink?’ Winston shrank back upon the bed. Whatever he said, the
swift answer crushed him like a bludgeon. And yet he knew, he
KNEW, that he was in the right. The belief that nothing exists
outside your own mind — surely there must be some way of
demonstrating that it was false? Had it not been exposed long ago
as a fallacy? There was even a name for it, which he had forgotten.
A faint smile twitched the corners of O’Brien’s mouth as he looked
down at him.
‘I told you, Winston,’ he said, ‘that metaphysics is not your
strong point. The word you are trying to think of is solipsism. But
you are mistaken. This is not solipsism. Collective solipsism, if you
like. But that is a different thing: in fact, the opposite thing. All this
is a digression,’ he added in a different tone. ‘The real power, the
power we have to fight for night and day, is not power over things,
but over men.’ He paused, and for a moment assumed again his air
of a schoolmaster questioning a promising pupil: ‘How does one
man assert his power over another, Winston?’
Winston thought. ‘By making him suffer,’ he said.
‘Exactly. By making him suffer. Obedience is not enough.
Unless he is suffering, how can you be sure that he is obeying your
will and not his own? Power is in inflicting pain and humiliation.
Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them
together again in new shapes of your own choosing. Do you begin
to see, then, what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact
opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers
imagined. A world of fear and treachery and torment, a world of
trampling and being trampled upon, a world which will grow not
less but MORE merciless as it refines itself. Progress in our world
will be progress towards more pain. The old civilizations claimed
that they were founded on love or justice. Ours is founded upon hatred. In our world there will be no emotions except fear, rage,
triumph, and self-abasement. Everything else we shall destroy —
everything. Already we are breaking down the habits of thought
which have survived from before the Revolution. We have cut the
links between child and parent, and between man and man, and
between man and woman. No one dares trust a wife or a child or a
friend any longer. But in the future there will be no wives and no
friends. Children will be taken from their mothers at birth, as one
takes eggs from a hen. The sex instinct will be eradicated.
Procreation will be an annual formality like the renewal of a ration
card. We shall abolish the orgasm. Our neurologists are at work
upon it now. There will be no loyalty, except loyalty towards the
Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There
will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated
enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. When we are
omnipotent we shall have no more need of science. There will be
no distinction between beauty and ugliness. There will be no
curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing
pleasures will be destroyed. But always — do not forget this,
Winston — always there will be the intoxication of power,
constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at
every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of
trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the
future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — for ever.’
He paused as though he expected Winston to speak. Winston
had tried to shrink back into the surface of the bed again. He could
not say anything. His heart seemed to be frozen. O’Brien went on:
‘And remember that it is for ever. The face will always be there
to be stamped upon. The heretic, the enemy of society, will always
be there, so that he can be defeated and humiliated over again. Everything that you have undergone since you have been in our
hands — all that will continue, and worse. The espionage, the
betrayals, the arrests, the tortures, the executions, the
disappearances will never cease. It will be a world of terror as much
as a world of triumph. The more the Party is powerful, the less it
will be tolerant: the weaker the opposition, the tighter the
despotism. Goldstein and his heresies will live for ever. Every day,
at every moment, they will be defeated, discredited, ridiculed, spat
upon and yet they will always survive. This drama that I have
played out with you during seven years will be played out over and
over again generation after generation, always in subtler forms.
Always we shall have the heretic here at our mercy, screaming with
pain, broken up, contemptible — and in the end utterly penitent,
saved from himself, crawling to our feet of his own accord. That is
the world that we are preparing, Winston. A world of victory after
victory, triumph after triumph after triumph: an endless pressing,
pressing, pressing upon the nerve of power. You are beginning, I
can see, to realize what that world will be like. But in the end you
will do more than understand it. You will accept it, welcome it,
become part of it.’
Winston had recovered himself sufficiently to speak. ‘You
can’t!’ he said weakly.
‘What do you mean by that remark, Winston?’
‘You could not create such a world as you have just described.
It is a dream. It is impossible.’
‘Why?’
‘It is impossible to found a civilization on fear and hatred and
cruelty. It would never endure.’
‘Why not?’
‘It would have no vitality. It would disintegrate. It would commit suicide.’
‘Nonsense. You are under the impression that hatred is more
exhausting than love. Why should it be? And if it were, what
difference would that make? Suppose that we choose to wear
ourselves out faster. Suppose that we quicken the tempo of human
life till men are senile at thirty. Still what difference would it
make? Can you not understand that the death of the individual is
not death? The party is immortal.’
As usual, the voice had battered Winston into helplessness.
Moreover he was in dread that if he persisted in his disagreement
O’Brien would twist the dial again. And yet he could not keep
silent. Feebly, without arguments, with nothing to support him
except his inarticulate horror of what O’Brien had said, he returned
to the attack.
‘I don’t know — I don’t care. Somehow you will fail. Something
will defeat you. Life will defeat you.’
‘We control life, Winston, at all its levels. You are imagining
that there is something called human nature which will be
outraged by what we do and will turn against us. But we create
human nature. Men are infinitely malleable. Or perhaps you have
returned to your old idea that the proletarians or the slaves will
arise and overthrow us. Put it out of your mind. They are helpless,
like the animals. Humanity is the Party. The others are outside —
irrelevant.’
‘I don’t care. In the end they will beat you. Sooner or later they
will see you for what you are, and then they will tear you to pieces.’
‘Do you see any evidence that that is happening? Or any
reason why it should?’
‘No. I believe it. I KNOW that you will fail. There is something
in the universe — I don’t know, some spirit, some principle — that you will never overcome.’
‘Do you believe in God, Winston?’
‘No.’
‘Then what is it, this principle that will defeat us?’
‘I don’t know. The spirit of Man.’
‘And do you consider yourself a man?’
‘Yes.’
‘If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. Your kind is
extinct; we are the inheritors. Do you understand that you are
ALONE? You are outside history, you are non-existent.’ His
manner changed and he said more harshly: ‘And you consider
yourself morally superior to us, with our lies and our cruelty?’
‘Yes, I consider myself superior.’
O’Brien did not speak. Two other voices were speaking. After a
moment Winston recognized one of them as his own. It was a
sound-track of the conversation he had had with O’Brien, on the
night when he had enrolled himself in the Brotherhood. He heard
himself promising to lie, to steal, to forge, to murder, to encourage
drug-taking and prostitution, to disseminate venereal diseases, to
throw vitriol in a child’s face. O’Brien made a small impatient
gesture, as though to say that the demonstration was hardly worth
making. Then he turned a switch and the voices stopped.
‘Get up from that bed,’ he said.
The bonds had loosened themselves. Winston lowered himself
to the floor and stood up unsteadily.
‘You are the last man,’ said O’Brien. ‘You are the guardian of
the human spirit. You shall see yourself as you are. Take off your
clothes.’
Winston undid the bit of string that held his overalls together. The zip fastener had long since been wrenched out of them. He
could not remember whether at any time since his arrest he had
taken off all his clothes at one time. Beneath the overalls his body
was looped with filthy yellowish rags, just recognizable as the
remnants of underclothes. As he slid them to the ground he saw
that there was a three-sided mirror at the far end of the room. He
approached it, then stopped short. An involuntary cry had broken
out of him.
‘Go on,’ said O’Brien. ‘Stand between the wings of the mirror.
You shall see the side view as well.’
He had stopped because he was frightened. A bowed, greycoloured, skeleton-like thing was coming towards him. Its actual
appearance was frightening, and not merely the fact that he knew it
to be himself. He moved closer to the glass. The creature’s face
seemed to be protruded, because of its bent carriage. A forlorn,
jailbird’s face with a nobby forehead running back into a bald scalp,
a crooked nose, and battered-looking cheekbones above which his
eyes were fierce and watchful. The cheeks were seamed, the mouth
had a drawn-in look. Certainly it was his own face, but it seemed to
him that it had changed more than he had changed inside. The
emotions it registered would be different from the ones he felt. He
had gone partially bald. For the first moment he had thought that
he had gone grey as well, but it was only the scalp that was grey.
Except for his hands and a circle of his face, his body was grey all
over with ancient, ingrained dirt. Here and there under the dirt
there were the red scars of wounds, and near the ankle the varicose
ulcer was an inflamed mass with flakes of skin peeling off it. But
the truly frightening thing was the emaciation of his body. The
barrel of the ribs was as narrow as that of a skeleton: the legs had
shrunk so that the knees were thicker than the thighs. He saw now what O’Brien had meant about seeing the side view. The curvature
of the spine was astonishing. The thin shoulders were hunched
forward so as to make a cavity of the chest, the scraggy neck
seemed to be bending double under the weight of the skull. At a
guess he would have said that it was the body of a man of sixty,
suffering from some malignant disease.
‘You have thought sometimes,’ said O’Brien, ‘that my face —
the face of a member of the Inner Party — looks old and worn.
What do you think of your own face?’
He seized Winston’s shoulder and spun him round so that he
was facing him.
‘Look at the condition you are in!’ he said. ‘Look at this filthy
grime all over your body. Look at the dirt between your toes. Look
at that disgusting running sore on your leg. Do you know that you
stink like a goat? Probably you have ceased to notice it. Look at
your emaciation. Do you see? I can make my thumb and forefinger
meet round your bicep. I could snap your neck like a carrot. Do you
know that you have lost twenty-five kilograms since you have been
in our hands? Even your hair is coming out in handfuls. Look!’ He
plucked at Winston’s head and brought away a tuft of hair. ‘Open
your mouth. Nine, ten, eleven teeth left. How many had you when
you came to us? And the few you have left are dropping out of your
head. Look here!’
He seized one of Winston’s remaining front teeth between his
powerful thumb and forefinger. A twinge of pain shot through
Winston’s jaw. O’Brien had wrenched the loose tooth out by the
roots. He tossed it across the cell.
‘You are rotting away,’ he said; ‘you are falling to pieces. What
are you? A bag of filth. Now turn around and look into that mirror
again. Do you see that thing facing you? That is the last man. If you are human, that is humanity. Now put your clothes on again.’
Winston began to dress himself with slow stiff movements.
Until now he had not seemed to notice how thin and weak he was.
Only one thought stirred in his mind: that he must have been in
this place longer than he had imagined. Then suddenly as he fixed
the miserable rags round himself a feeling of pity for his ruined
body overcame him. Before he knew what he was doing he had
collapsed on to a small stool that stood beside the bed and burst
into tears. He was aware of his ugliness, his gracelessness, a bundle
of bones in filthy underclothes sitting weeping in the harsh white
light: but he could not stop himself. O’Brien laid a hand on his
shoulder, almost kindly.
‘It will not last for ever,’ he said. ‘You can escape from it
whenever you choose. Everything depends on yourself.’
‘You did it!’ sobbed Winston. ‘You reduced me to this state.’
‘No, Winston, you reduced yourself to it. This is what you
accepted when you set yourself up against the Party. It was all
contained in that first act. Nothing has happened that you did not
foresee.’
He paused, and then went on:
‘We have beaten you, Winston. We have broken you up. You
have seen what your body is like. Your mind is in the same state. I
do not think there can be much pride left in you. You have been
kicked and flogged and insulted, you have screamed with pain, you
have rolled on the floor in your own blood and vomit. You have
whimpered for mercy, you have betrayed everybody and
everything. Can you think of a single degradation that has not
happened to you?’
Winston had stopped weeping, though the tears were still
oozing out of his eyes. He looked up at O’Brien. ‘I have not betrayed Julia,’ he said.
O’Brien looked down at him thoughtfully. ‘No,’ he said; ‘no;
that is perfectly true. You have not betrayed Julia.’
The peculiar reverence for O’Brien, which nothing seemed able
to destroy, flooded Winston’s heart again. How intelligent, he
thought, how intelligent! Never did O’Brien fail to understand what
was said to him. Anyone else on earth would have answered
promptly that he HAD betrayed Julia. For what was there that they
had not screwed out of him under the torture? He had told them
everything he knew about her, her habits, her character, her past
life; he had confessed in the most trivial detail everything that had
happened at their meetings, all that he had said to her and she to
him, their black-market meals, their adulteries, their vague
plottings against the Party — everything. And yet, in the sense in
which he intended the word, he had not betrayed her. He had not
stopped loving her; his feelings towards her had remained the
same. O’Brien had seen what he meant without the need for
explanation.
‘Tell me,’ he said, ‘how soon will they shoot me?’
‘It might be a long time,’ said O’Brien. ‘You are a difficult case.
But don’t give up hope. Everyone is cured sooner or later. In the
end we shall shoot you.’

CHAPTER 4

He was much better. He was growing fatter and stronger
every day, if it was proper to speak of days.
The white light and the humming sound were the
same as ever, but the cell was a little more comfortable than the
others he had been in. There was a pillow and a mattress on the
plank bed, and a stool to sit on. They had given him a bath, and
they allowed him to wash himself fairly frequently in a tin basin.
They even gave him warm water to wash with. They had given him
new underclothes and a clean suit of overalls. They had dressed his
varicose ulcer with soothing ointment. They had pulled out the
remnants of his teeth and given him a new set of dentures.
Weeks or months must have passed. It would have been
possible now to keep count of the passage of time, if he had felt any
interest in doing so, since he was being fed at what appeared to be
regular intervals. He was getting, he judged, three meals in the
twenty-four hours; sometimes he wondered dimly whether he was
getting them by night or by day. The food was surprisingly good,
with meat at every third meal. Once there was even a packet of
cigarettes. He had no matches, but the never-speaking guard who
brought his food would give him a light. The first time he tried to
smoke it made him sick, but he persevered, and spun the packet
out for a long time, smoking half a cigarette after each meal.
They had given him a white slate with a stump of pencil tied to
the corner. At first he made no use of it. Even when he was awake
he was completely torpid. Often he would lie from one meal to the next almost without stirring, sometimes asleep, sometimes waking
into vague reveries in which it was too much trouble to open his
eyes. He had long grown used to sleeping with a strong light on his
face. It seemed to make no difference, except that one’s dreams
were more coherent. He dreamed a great deal all through this time,
and they were always happy dreams. He was in the Golden
Country, or he was sitting among enormous glorious, sunlit ruins,
with his mother, with Julia, with O’Brien — not doing anything,
merely sitting in the sun, talking of peaceful things. Such thoughts
as he had when he was awake were mostly about his dreams. He
seemed to have lost the power of intellectual effort, now that the
stimulus of pain had been removed. He was not bored, he had no
desire for conversation or distraction. Merely to be alone, not to be
beaten or questioned, to have enough to eat, and to be clean all
over, was completely satisfying.
By degrees he came to spend less time in sleep, but he still felt
no impulse to get off the bed. All he cared for was to lie quiet and
feel the strength gathering in his body. He would finger himself
here and there, trying to make sure that it was not an illusion that
his muscles were growing rounder and his skin tauter. Finally it
was established beyond a doubt that he was growing fatter; his
thighs were now definitely thicker than his knees. After that,
reluctantly at first, he began exercising himself regularly. In a little
while he could walk three kilometres, measured by pacing the cell,
and his bowed shoulders were growing straighter. He attempted
more elaborate exercises, and was astonished and humiliated to
find what things he could not do. He could not move out of a walk,
he could not hold his stool out at arm’s length, he could not stand
on one leg without falling over. He squatted down on his heels, and
found that with agonizing pains in thigh and calf he could just lift himself to a standing position. He lay flat on his belly and tried to
lift his weight by his hands. It was hopeless, he could not raise
himself a centimetre. But after a few more days — a few more
mealtimes — even that feat was accomplished. A time came when
he could do it six times running. He began to grow actually proud
of his body, and to cherish an intermittent belief that his face also
was growing back to normal. Only when he chanced to put his hand
on his bald scalp did he remember the seamed, ruined face that had
looked back at him out of the mirror.
His mind grew more active. He sat down on the plank bed, his
back against the wall and the slate on his knees, and set to work
deliberately at the task of re-educating himself.
He had capitulated, that was agreed. In reality, as he saw now,
he had been ready to capitulate long before he had taken the
decision. From the moment when he was inside the Ministry of
Love — and yes, even during those minutes when he and Julia had
stood helpless while the iron voice from the telescreen told them
what to do — he had grasped the frivolity, the shallowness of his
attempt to set himself up against the power of the Party. He knew
now that for seven years the Thought Police had watched him like
a beetle under a magnifying glass. There was no physical act, no
word spoken aloud, that they had not noticed, no train of thought
that they had not been able to infer. Even the speck of whitish dust
on the cover of his diary they had carefully replaced. They had
played sound-tracks to him, shown him photographs. Some of
them were photographs of Julia and himself. Yes, even . . . He
could not fight against the Party any longer. Besides, the Party was
in the right. It must be so; how could the immortal, collective brain
be mistaken? By what external standard could you check its
judgements? Sanity was statistical. It was merely a question of learning to think as they thought. Only ——!
The pencil felt thick and awkward in his fingers. He began to
write down the thoughts that came into his head. He wrote first in
large clumsy capitals:
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
Then almost without a pause he wrote beneath it:
TWO AND TWO MAKE FIVE
But then there came a sort of check. His mind, as though
shying away from something, seemed unable to concentrate. He
knew that he knew what came next, but for the moment he could
not recall it. When he did recall it, it was only by consciously
reasoning out what it must be: it did not come of its own accord.
He wrote:
GOD IS POWER
He accepted everything. The past was alterable. The past never
had been altered. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Oceania had
always been at war with Eastasia. Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford
were guilty of the crimes they were charged with. He had never
seen the photograph that disproved their guilt. It had never existed,
he had invented it. He remembered remembering contrary things,
but those were false memories, products of self-deception. How
easy it all was! Only surrender, and everything else followed. It was
like swimming against a current that swept you backwards
however hard you struggled, and then suddenly deciding to turn
round and go with the current instead of opposing it. Nothing had
changed except your own attitude: the predestined thing happened
in any case. He hardly knew why he had ever rebelled. Everything
was easy, except ——!
Anything could be true. The so-called laws of Nature were nonsense. The law of gravity was nonsense. ‘If I wished,’ O’Brien
had said, ‘I could float off this floor like a soap bubble.’ Winston
worked it out. ‘If he THINKS he floats off the floor, and if I
simultaneously THINK I see him do it, then the thing happens.’
Suddenly, like a lump of submerged wreckage breaking the surface
of water, the thought burst into his mind: ‘It doesn’t really happen.
We imagine it. It is hallucination.’ He pushed the thought under
instantly. The fallacy was obvious. It presupposed that somewhere
or other, outside oneself, there was a ‘real’ world where ‘real’
things happened. But how could there be such a world? What
knowledge have we of anything, save through our own minds? All
happenings are in the mind. Whatever happens in all minds, truly
happens.
He had no difficulty in disposing of the fallacy, and he was in
no danger of succumbing to it. He realized, nevertheless, that it
ought never to have occurred to him. The mind should develop a
blind spot whenever a dangerous thought presented itself. The
process should be automatic, instinctive. CRIMESTOP, they called
it in Newspeak.
He set to work to exercise himself in crimestop. He presented
himself with propositions —‘the Party says the earth is flat’, ‘the
party says that ice is heavier than water’— and trained himself in
not seeing or not understanding the arguments that contradicted
them. It was not easy. It needed great powers of reasoning and
improvisation. The arithmetical problems raised, for instance, by
such a statement as ‘two and two make five’ were beyond his
intellectual grasp. It needed also a sort of athleticism of mind, an
ability at one moment to make the most delicate use of logic and at
the next to be unconscious of the crudest logical errors. Stupidity
was as necessary as intelligence, and as difficult to attain. All the while, with one part of his mind, he wondered how
soon they would shoot him. ‘Everything depends on yourself,’
O’Brien had said; but he knew that there was no conscious act by
which he could bring it nearer. It might be ten minutes hence, or
ten years. They might keep him for years in solitary confinement,
they might send him to a labour-camp, they might release him for
a while, as they sometimes did. It was perfectly possible that before
he was shot the whole drama of his arrest and interrogation would
be enacted all over again. The one certain thing was that death
never came at an expected moment. The tradition — the unspoken
tradition: somehow you knew it, though you never heard it said —
was that they shot you from behind; always in the back of the head,
without warning, as you walked down a corridor from cell to cell.
One day — but ‘one day’ was not the right expression; just as
probably it was in the middle of the night: once — he fell into a
strange, blissful reverie. He was walking down the corridor, waiting
for the bullet. He knew that it was coming in another moment.
Everything was settled, smoothed out, reconciled. There were no
more doubts, no more arguments, no more pain, no more fear. His
body was healthy and strong. He walked easily, with a joy of
movement and with a feeling of walking in sunlight. He was not
any longer in the narrow white corridors in the Ministry of Love,
he was in the enormous sunlit passage, a kilometre wide, down
which he had seemed to walk in the delirium induced by drugs. He
was in the Golden Country, following the foot-track across the old
rabbit-cropped pasture. He could feel the short springy turf under
his feet and the gentle sunshine on his face. At the edge of the field
were the elm trees, faintly stirring, and somewhere beyond that
was the stream where the dace lay in the green pools under the willows. Suddenly he started up with a shock of horror. The sweat
broke out on his backbone. He had heard himself cry aloud:
‘Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!’
For a moment he had had an overwhelming hallucination of
her presence. She had seemed to be not merely with him, but
inside him. It was as though she had got into the texture of his
skin. In that moment he had loved her far more than he had ever
done when they were together and free. Also he knew that
somewhere or other she was still alive and needed his help.
He lay back on the bed and tried to compose himself. What
had he done? How many years had he added to his servitude by
that moment of weakness?
In another moment he would hear the tramp of boots outside.
They could not let such an outburst go unpunished. They would
know now, if they had not known before, that he was breaking the
agreement he had made with them. He obeyed the Party, but he
still hated the Party. In the old days he had hidden a heretical mind
beneath an appearance of conformity. Now he had retreated a step
further: in the mind he had surrendered, but he had hoped to keep
the inner heart inviolate. He knew that he was in the wrong, but he
preferred to be in the wrong. They would understand that —
O’Brien would understand it. It was all confessed in that single
foolish cry.
He would have to start all over again. It might take years. He
ran a hand over his face, trying to familiarize himself with the new
shape. There were deep furrows in the cheeks, the cheekbones felt
sharp, the nose flattened. Besides, since last seeing himself in the
glass he had been given a complete new set of teeth. It was not easy
to preserve inscrutability when you did not know what your face
looked like. In any case, mere control of the features was not enough. For the first time he perceived that if you want to keep a
secret you must also hide it from yourself. You must know all the
while that it is there, but until it is needed you must never let it
emerge into your consciousness in any shape that could be given a
name. From now onwards he must not only think right; he must
feel right, dream right. And all the while he must keep his hatred
locked up inside him like a ball of matter which was part of himself
and yet unconnected with the rest of him, a kind of cyst.
One day they would decide to shoot him. You could not tell
when it would happen, but a few seconds beforehand it should be
possible to guess. It was always from behind, walking down a
corridor. Ten seconds would be enough. In that time the world
inside him could turn over. And then suddenly, without a word
uttered, without a check in his step, without the changing of a line
in his face — suddenly the camouflage would be down and bang!
would go the batteries of his hatred. Hatred would fill him like an
enormous roaring flame. And almost in the same instant bang!
would go the bullet, too late, or too early. They would have blown
his brain to pieces before they could reclaim it. The heretical
thought would be unpunished, unrepented, out of their reach for
ever. They would have blown a hole in their own perfection. To die
hating them, that was freedom.
He shut his eyes. It was more difficult than accepting an
intellectual discipline. It was a question of degrading himself,
mutilating himself. He had got to plunge into the filthiest of filth.
What was the most horrible, sickening thing of all? He thought of
Big Brother. The enormous face (because of constantly seeing it on
posters he always thought of it as being a metre wide), with its
heavy black moustache and the eyes that followed you to and fro,
seemed to float into his mind of its own accord. What were his true feelings towards Big Brother?
There was a heavy tramp of boots in the passage. The steel
door swung open with a clang. O’Brien walked into the cell. Behind
him were the waxen-faced officer and the black-uniformed guards.
‘Get up,’ said O’Brien. ‘Come here.’
Winston stood opposite him. O’Brien took Winston’s
shoulders between his strong hands and looked at him closely.
‘You have had thoughts of deceiving me,’ he said. ‘That was
stupid. Stand up straighter. Look me in the face.’
He paused, and went on in a gentler tone:
‘You are improving. Intellectually there is very little wrong
with you. It is only emotionally that you have failed to make
progress. Tell me, Winston — and remember, no lies: you know
that I am always able to detect a lie — tell me, what are your true
feelings towards Big Brother?’
‘I hate him.’
‘You hate him. Good. Then the time has come for you to take
the last step. You must love Big Brother. It is not enough to obey
him: you must love him.’
He released Winston with a little push towards the guards.
‘Room 101,’ he said.

CHAPTER 5

At each stage of his imprisonment he had known, or seemed
to know, whereabouts he was in the windowless building.
Possibly there were slight differences in the air pressure.
The cells where the guards had beaten him were below ground
level. The room where he had been interrogated by O’Brien was
high up near the roof. This place was many metres underground, as
deep down as it was possible to go.
It was bigger than most of the cells he had been in. But he
hardly noticed his surroundings. All he noticed was that there were
two small tables straight in front of him, each covered with green
baize. One was only a metre or two from him, the other was further
away, near the door. He was strapped upright in a chair, so tightly
that he could move nothing, not even his head. A sort of pad
gripped his head from behind, forcing him to look straight in front
of him.
For a moment he was alone, then the door opened and O’Brien
came in.
‘You asked me once,’ said O’Brien, ‘what was in Room 101. I
told you that you knew the answer already. Everyone knows it. The
thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world.’
The door opened again. A guard came in, carrying something
made of wire, a box or basket of some kind. He set it down on the
further table. Because of the position in which O’Brien was
standing. Winston could not see what the thing was.
‘The worst thing in the world,’ said O’Brien, ‘varies from individual to individual. It may be burial alive, or death by fire, or
by drowning, or by impalement, or fifty other deaths. There are
cases where it is some quite trivial thing, not even fatal.’
He had moved a little to one side, so that Winston had a better
view of the thing on the table. It was an oblong wire cage with a
handle on top for carrying it by. Fixed to the front of it was
something that looked like a fencing mask, with the concave side
outwards. Although it was three or four metres away from him, he
could see that the cage was divided lengthways into two
compartments, and that there was some kind of creature in each.
They were rats.
‘In your case,’ said O’Brien, ‘the worst thing in the world
happens to be rats.’
A sort of premonitory tremor, a fear of he was not certain
what, had passed through Winston as soon as he caught his first
glimpse of the cage. But at this moment the meaning of the masklike attachment in front of it suddenly sank into him. His bowels
seemed to turn to water.
‘You can’t do that!’ he cried out in a high cracked voice. ‘You
couldn’t, you couldn’t! It’s impossible.’
‘Do you remember,’ said O’Brien, ‘the moment of panic that
used to occur in your dreams? There was a wall of blackness in
front of you, and a roaring sound in your ears. There was
something terrible on the other side of the wall. You knew that you
knew what it was, but you dared not drag it into the open. It was
the rats that were on the other side of the wall.’
‘O’Brien!’ said Winston, making an effort to control his voice.
‘You know this is not necessary. What is it that you want me to
do?’
O’Brien made no direct answer. When he spoke it was in the schoolmasterish manner that he sometimes affected. He looked
thoughtfully into the distance, as though he were addressing an
audience somewhere behind Winston’s back.
‘By itself,’ he said, ‘pain is not always enough. There are
occasions when a human being will stand out against pain, even to
the point of death. But for everyone there is something
unendurable — something that cannot be contemplated. Courage
and cowardice are not involved. If you are falling from a height it is
not cowardly to clutch at a rope. If you have come up from deep
water it is not cowardly to fill your lungs with air. It is merely an
instinct which cannot be destroyed. It is the same with the rats. For
you, they are unendurable. They are a form of pressure that you
cannot withstand, even if you wished to. You will do what is
required of you.’
‘But what is it, what is it? How can I do it if I don’t know what
it is?’
O’Brien picked up the cage and brought it across to the nearer
table. He set it down carefully on the baize cloth. Winston could
hear the blood singing in his ears. He had the feeling of sitting in
utter loneliness. He was in the middle of a great empty plain, a flat
desert drenched with sunlight, across which all sounds came to
him out of immense distances. Yet the cage with the rats was not
two metres away from him. They were enormous rats. They were at
the age when a rat’s muzzle grows blunt and fierce and his fur
brown instead of grey.
‘The rat,’ said O’Brien, still addressing his invisible audience,
‘although a rodent, is carnivorous. You are aware of that. You will
have heard of the things that happen in the poor quarters of this
town. In some streets a woman dare not leave her baby alone in the
house, even for five minutes. The rats are certain to attack it. Within quite a small time they will strip it to the bones. They also
attack sick or dying people. They show astonishing intelligence in
knowing when a human being is helpless.’
There was an outburst of squeals from the cage. It seemed to
reach Winston from far away. The rats were fighting; they were
trying to get at each other through the partition. He heard also a
deep groan of despair. That, too, seemed to come from outside
himself.
O’Brien picked up the cage, and, as he did so, pressed
something in it. There was a sharp click. Winston made a frantic
effort to tear himself loose from the chair. It was hopeless; every
part of him, even his head, was held immovably. O’Brien moved
the cage nearer. It was less than a metre from Winston’s face.
‘I have pressed the first lever,’ said O’Brien. ‘You understand
the construction of this cage. The mask will fit over your head,
leaving no exit. When I press this other lever, the door of the cage
will slide up. These starving brutes will shoot out of it like bullets.
Have you ever seen a rat leap through the air? They will leap on to
your face and bore straight into it. Sometimes they attack the eyes
first. Sometimes they burrow through the cheeks and devour the
tongue.’
The cage was nearer; it was closing in. Winston heard a
succession of shrill cries which appeared to be occurring in the air
above his head. But he fought furiously against his panic. To think,
to think, even with a split second left — to think was the only hope.
Suddenly the foul musty odour of the brutes struck his nostrils.
There was a violent convulsion of nausea inside him, and he
almost lost consciousness. Everything had gone black. For an
instant he was insane, a screaming animal. Yet he came out of the
blackness clutching an idea. There was one and only one way to save himself. He must interpose another human being, the BODY
of another human being, between himself and the rats.
The circle of the mask was large enough now to shut out the
vision of anything else. The wire door was a couple of hand-spans
from his face. The rats knew what was coming now. One of them
was leaping up and down, the other, an old scaly grandfather of the
sewers, stood up, with his pink hands against the bars, and fiercely
sniffed the air. Winston could see the whiskers and the yellow
teeth. Again the black panic took hold of him. He was blind,
helpless, mindless.
‘It was a common punishment in Imperial China,’ said O’Brien
as didactically as ever.
The mask was closing on his face. The wire brushed his cheek.
And then — no, it was not relief, only hope, a tiny fragment of
hope. Too late, perhaps too late. But he had suddenly understood
that in the whole world there was just ONE person to whom he
could transfer his punishment — ONE body that he could thrust
between himself and the rats. And he was shouting frantically, over
and over.
‘Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don’t care what
you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me!
Julia! Not me!’
He was falling backwards, into enormous depths, away from
the rats. He was still strapped in the chair, but he had fallen
through the floor, through the walls of the building, through the
earth, through the oceans, through the atmosphere, into outer
space, into the gulfs between the stars — always away, away, away
from the rats. He was light years distant, but O’Brien was still
standing at his side. There was still the cold touch of wire against
his cheek. But through the darkness that enveloped him he heard another metallic click, and knew that the cage door had clicked shut and not open.

CHAPTER 6

The Chestnut Tree was almost empty. A ray of sunlight
slanting through a window fell on dusty table-tops. It was
the lonely hour of fifteen. A tinny music trickled from the
telescreens.
Winston sat in his usual corner, gazing into an empty glass.
Now and again he glanced up at a vast face which eyed him from
the opposite wall. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption
said. Unbidden, a waiter came and filled his glass up with Victory
Gin, shaking into it a few drops from another bottle with a quill
through the cork. It was saccharine flavoured with cloves, the
speciality of the cafe.
Winston was listening to the telescreen. At present only music
was coming out of it, but there was a possibility that at any
moment there might be a special bulletin from the Ministry of
Peace. The news from the African front was disquieting in the
extreme. On and off he had been worrying about it all day. A
Eurasian army (Oceania was at war with Eurasia: Oceania had
always been at war with Eurasia) was moving southward at
terrifying speed. The mid-day bulletin had not mentioned any
definite area, but it was probable that already the mouth of the
Congo was a battlefield. Brazzaville and Leopoldville were in
danger. One did not have to look at the map to see what it meant. It
was not merely a question of losing Central Africa: for the first
time in the whole war, the territory of Oceania itself was menaced.
A violent emotion, not fear exactly but a sort of undifferentiated excitement, flared up in him, then faded again. He
stopped thinking about the war. In these days he could never fix
his mind on any one subject for more than a few moments at a
time. He picked up his glass and drained it at a gulp. As always, the
gin made him shudder and even retch slightly. The stuff was
horrible. The cloves and saccharine, themselves disgusting enough
in their sickly way, could not disguise the flat oily smell; and what
was worst of all was that the smell of gin, which dwelt with him
night and day, was inextricably mixed up in his mind with the
smell of those ——
He never named them, even in his thoughts, and so far as it
was possible he never visualized them. They were something that
he was half-aware of, hovering close to his face, a smell that clung
to his nostrils. As the gin rose in him he belched through purple
lips. He had grown fatter since they released him, and had regained
his old colour — indeed, more than regained it. His features had
thickened, the skin on nose and cheekbones was coarsely red, even
the bald scalp was too deep a pink. A waiter, again unbidden,
brought the chessboard and the current issue of ‘The Times’, with
the page turned down at the chess problem. Then, seeing that
Winston’s glass was empty, he brought the gin bottle and filled it.
There was no need to give orders. They knew his habits. The
chessboard was always waiting for him, his corner table was always
reserved; even when the place was full he had it to himself, since
nobody cared to be seen sitting too close to him. He never even
bothered to count his drinks. At irregular intervals they presented
him with a dirty slip of paper which they said was the bill, but he
had the impression that they always undercharged him. It would
have made no difference if it had been the other way about. He had
always plenty of money nowadays. He even had a job, a sinecure, more highly-paid than his old job had been.
The music from the telescreen stopped and a voice took over.
Winston raised his head to listen. No bulletins from the front,
however. It was merely a brief announcement from the Ministry of
Plenty. In the preceding quarter, it appeared, the Tenth Three-Year
Plan’s quota for bootlaces had been overfulfilled by 98 per cent.
He examined the chess problem and set out the pieces. It was
a tricky ending, involving a couple of knights. ‘White to play and
mate in two moves.’ Winston looked up at the portrait of Big
Brother. White always mates, he thought with a sort of cloudy
mysticism. Always, without exception, it is so arranged. In no chess
problem since the beginning of the world has black ever won. Did it
not symbolize the eternal, unvarying triumph of Good over Evil?
The huge face gazed back at him, full of calm power. White always
mates.
The voice from the telescreen paused and added in a different
and much graver tone: ‘You are warned to stand by for an
important announcement at fifteen-thirty. Fifteen-thirty! This is
news of the highest importance. Take care not to miss it. Fifteenthirty!’ The tinkling music struck up again.
Winston’s heart stirred. That was the bulletin from the front;
instinct told him that it was bad news that was coming. All day,
with little spurts of excitement, the thought of a smashing defeat in
Africa had been in and out of his mind. He seemed actually to see
the Eurasian army swarming across the never-broken frontier and
pouring down into the tip of Africa like a column of ants. Why had
it not been possible to outflank them in some way? The outline of
the West African coast stood out vividly in his mind. He picked up
the white knight and moved it across the board. THERE was the
proper spot. Even while he saw the black horde racing southward he saw another force, mysteriously assembled, suddenly planted in
their rear, cutting their communications by land and sea. He felt
that by willing it he was bringing that other force into existence.
But it was necessary to act quickly. If they could get control of the
whole of Africa, if they had airfields and submarine bases at the
Cape, it would cut Oceania in two. It might mean anything: defeat,
breakdown, the redivision of the world, the destruction of the
Party! He drew a deep breath. An extraordinary medley of feeling —
but it was not a medley, exactly; rather it was successive layers of
feeling, in which one could not say which layer was undermost —
struggled inside him.
The spasm passed. He put the white knight back in its place,
but for the moment he could not settle down to serious study of
the chess problem. His thoughts wandered again. Almost
unconsciously he traced with his finger in the dust on the table:
2+2=5
‘They can’t get inside you,’ she had said. But they could get
inside you. ‘What happens to you here is FOR EVER,’ O’Brien had
said. That was a true word. There were things, your own acts, from
which you could never recover. Something was killed in your
breast: burnt out, cauterized out.
He had seen her; he had even spoken to her. There was no
danger in it. He knew as though instinctively that they now took
almost no interest in his doings. He could have arranged to meet
her a second time if either of them had wanted to. Actually it was
by chance that they had met. It was in the Park, on a vile, biting day
in March, when the earth was like iron and all the grass seemed
dead and there was not a bud anywhere except a few crocuses
which had pushed themselves up to be dismembered by the wind.
He was hurrying along with frozen hands and watering eyes when he saw her not ten metres away from him. It struck him at once
that she had changed in some ill-defined way. They almost passed
one another without a sign, then he turned and followed her, not
very eagerly. He knew that there was no danger, nobody would take
any interest in him. She did not speak. She walked obliquely away
across the grass as though trying to get rid of him, then seemed to
resign herself to having him at her side. Presently they were in
among a clump of ragged leafless shrubs, useless either for
concealment or as protection from the wind. They halted. It was
vilely cold. The wind whistled through the twigs and fretted the
occasional, dirty-looking crocuses. He put his arm round her waist.
There was no telescreen, but there must be hidden
microphones: besides, they could be seen. It did not matter,
nothing mattered. They could have lain down on the ground and
done THAT if they had wanted to. His flesh froze with horror at the
thought of it. She made no response whatever to the clasp of his
arm; she did not even try to disengage herself. He knew now what
had changed in her. Her face was sallower, and there was a long
scar, partly hidden by the hair, across her forehead and temple; but
that was not the change. It was that her waist had grown thicker,
and, in a surprising way, had stiffened. He remembered how once,
after the explosion of a rocket bomb, he had helped to drag a corpse
out of some ruins, and had been astonished not only by the
incredible weight of the thing, but by its rigidity and awkwardness
to handle, which made it seem more like stone than flesh. Her
body felt like that. It occurred to him that the texture of her skin
would be quite different from what it had once been.
He did not attempt to kiss her, nor did they speak. As they
walked back across the grass, she looked directly at him for the
first time. It was only a momentary glance, full of contempt and dislike. He wondered whether it was a dislike that came purely out
of the past or whether it was inspired also by his bloated face and
the water that the wind kept squeezing from his eyes. They sat
down on two iron chairs, side by side but not too close together. He
saw that she was about to speak. She moved her clumsy shoe a few
centimetres and deliberately crushed a twig. Her feet seemed to
have grown broader, he noticed.
‘I betrayed you,’ she said baldly.
‘I betrayed you,’ he said.
She gave him another quick look of dislike.
‘Sometimes,’ she said, ‘they threaten you with something
something you can’t stand up to, can’t even think about. And then
you say, “Don’t do it to me, do it to somebody else, do it to so-andso.” And perhaps you might pretend, afterwards, that it was only a
trick and that you just said it to make them stop and didn’t really
mean it. But that isn’t true. At the time when it happens you do
mean it. You think there’s no other way of saving yourself, and
you’re quite ready to save yourself that way. You WANT it to
happen to the other person. You don’t give a damn what they
suffer. All you care about is yourself.’
‘All you care about is yourself,’ he echoed.
‘And after that, you don’t feel the same towards the other
person any longer.’
‘No,’ he said, ‘you don’t feel the same.’
There did not seem to be anything more to say. The wind
plastered their thin overalls against their bodies. Almost at once it
became embarrassing to sit there in silence: besides, it was too cold
to keep still. She said something about catching her Tube and stood
up to go. ‘We must meet again,’ he said.
‘Yes,’ she said, ‘we must meet again.’
He followed irresolutely for a little distance, half a pace behind
her. They did not speak again. She did not actually try to shake him
off, but walked at just such a speed as to prevent his keeping
abreast of her. He had made up his mind that he would accompany
her as far as the Tube station, but suddenly this process of trailing
along in the cold seemed pointless and unbearable. He was
overwhelmed by a desire not so much to get away from Julia as to
get back to the Chestnut Tree Cafe, which had never seemed so
attractive as at this moment. He had a nostalgic vision of his corner
table, with the newspaper and the chessboard and the ever-flowing
gin. Above all, it would be warm in there. The next moment, not
altogether by accident, he allowed himself to become separated
from her by a small knot of people. He made a half-hearted attempt
to catch up, then slowed down, turned, and made off in the
opposite direction. When he had gone fifty metres he looked back.
The street was not crowded, but already he could not distinguish
her. Any one of a dozen hurrying figures might have been hers.
Perhaps her thickened, stiffened body was no longer recognizable
from behind.
‘At the time when it happens,’ she had said, ‘you do mean it.’
He had meant it. He had not merely said it, he had wished it. He
had wished that she and not he should be delivered over to the ——
Something changed in the music that trickled from the
telescreen. A cracked and jeering note, a yellow note, came into it.
And then — perhaps it was not happening, perhaps it was only a
memory taking on the semblance of sound — a voice was singing:
‘Under the spreading chestnut tree I sold you and you sold me ——’

The tears welled up in his eyes. A passing waiter noticed that his
glass was empty and came back with the gin bottle.
He took up his glass and sniffed at it. The stuff grew not less
but more horrible with every mouthful he drank. But it had
become the element he swam in. It was his life, his death, and his
resurrection. It was gin that sank him into stupor every night, and
gin that revived him every morning. When he woke, seldom before
eleven hundred, with gummed-up eyelids and fiery mouth and a
back that seemed to be broken, it would have been impossible even
to rise from the horizontal if it had not been for the bottle and
teacup placed beside the bed overnight. Through the midday hours
he sat with glazed face, the bottle handy, listening to the telescreen.
From fifteen to closing-time he was a fixture in the Chestnut Tree.
No one cared what he did any longer, no whistle woke him, no
telescreen admonished him. Occasionally, perhaps twice a week, he
went to a dusty, forgotten-looking office in the Ministry of Truth
and did a little work, or what was called work. He had been
appointed to a sub-committee of a sub-committee which had
sprouted from one of the innumerable committees dealing with
minor difficulties that arose in the compilation of the Eleventh
Edition of the Newspeak Dictionary. They were engaged in
producing something called an Interim Report, but what it was that
they were reporting on he had never definitely found out. It was
something to do with the question of whether commas should be
placed inside brackets, or outside. There were four others on the
committee, all of them persons similar to himself. There were days
when they assembled and then promptly dispersed again, frankly
admitting to one another that there was not really anything to be
done. But there were other days when they settled down to their work almost eagerly, making a tremendous show of entering up
their minutes and drafting long memoranda which were never
finished — when the argument as to what they were supposedly
arguing about grew extraordinarily involved and abstruse, with
subtle haggling over definitions, enormous digressions, quarrels —
threats, even, to appeal to higher authority. And then suddenly the
life would go out of them and they would sit round the table
looking at one another with extinct eyes, like ghosts fading at cockcrow.
The telescreen was silent for a moment. Winston raised his
head again. The bulletin! But no, they were merely changing the
music. He had the map of Africa behind his eyelids. The movement
of the armies was a diagram: a black arrow tearing vertically
southward, and a white arrow horizontally eastward, across the tail
of the first. As though for reassurance he looked up at the
imperturbable face in the portrait. Was it conceivable that the
second arrow did not even exist?
His interest flagged again. He drank another mouthful of gin,
picked up the white knight and made a tentative move. Check. But
it was evidently not the right move, because ——
Uncalled, a memory floated into his mind. He saw a candle-lit
room with a vast white-counterpaned bed, and himself, a boy of
nine or ten, sitting on the floor, shaking a dice-box, and laughing
excitedly. His mother was sitting opposite him and also laughing.
It must have been about a month before she disappeared. It
was a moment of reconciliation, when the nagging hunger in his
belly was forgotten and his earlier affection for her had temporarily
revived. He remembered the day well, a pelting, drenching day
when the water streamed down the window-pane and the light
indoors was too dull to read by. The boredom of the two children in the dark, cramped bedroom became unbearable. Winston whined
and grizzled, made futile demands for food, fretted about the room
pulling everything out of place and kicking the wainscoting until
the neighbours banged on the wall, while the younger child wailed
intermittently. In the end his mother said, ‘Now be good, and I’ll
buy you a toy. A lovely toy — you’ll love it’; and then she had gone
out in the rain, to a little general shop which was still sporadically
open nearby, and came back with a cardboard box containing an
outfit of Snakes and Ladders. He could still remember the smell of
the damp cardboard. It was a miserable outfit. The board was
cracked and the tiny wooden dice were so ill-cut that they would
hardly lie on their sides. Winston looked at the thing sulkily and
without interest. But then his mother lit a piece of candle and they
sat down on the floor to play. Soon he was wildly excited and
shouting with laughter as the tiddly-winks climbed hopefully up
the ladders and then came slithering down the snakes again,
almost to the starting-point. They played eight games, winning four
each. His tiny sister, too young to understand what the game was
about, had sat propped up against a bolster, laughing because the
others were laughing. For a whole afternoon they had all been
happy together, as in his earlier childhood.
He pushed the picture out of his mind. It was a false memory.
He was troubled by false memories occasionally. They did not
matter so long as one knew them for what they were. Some things
had happened, others had not happened. He turned back to the
chessboard and picked up the white knight again. Almost in the
same instant it dropped on to the board with a clatter. He had
started as though a pin had run into him.
A shrill trumpet-call had pierced the air. It was the bulletin!
Victory! It always meant victory when a trumpet-call preceded the news. A sort of electric drill ran through the cafe. Even the waiters
had started and pricked up their ears.
The trumpet-call had let loose an enormous volume of noise.
Already an excited voice was gabbling from the telescreen, but even
as it started it was almost drowned by a roar of cheering from
outside. The news had run round the streets like magic. He could
hear just enough of what was issuing from the telescreen to realize
that it had all happened, as he had foreseen; a vast seaborne
armada had secretly assembled a sudden blow in the enemy’s rear,
the white arrow tearing across the tail of the black. Fragments of
triumphant phrases pushed themselves through the din: ‘Vast
strategic manoeuvre — perfect co-ordination — utter rout — half a
million prisoners — complete demoralization — control of the
whole of Africa — bring the war within measurable distance of its
end — victory — greatest victory in human history — victory,
victory, victory!’
Under the table Winston’s feet made convulsive movements.
He had not stirred from his seat, but in his mind he was running,
swiftly running, he was with the crowds outside, cheering himself
deaf. He looked up again at the portrait of Big Brother. The
colossus that bestrode the world! The rock against which the
hordes of Asia dashed themselves in vain! He thought how ten
minutes ago — yes, only ten minutes — there had still been
equivocation in his heart as he wondered whether the news from
the front would be of victory or defeat. Ah, it was more than a
Eurasian army that had perished! Much had changed in him since
that first day in the Ministry of Love, but the final, indispensable,
healing change had never happened, until this moment.
The voice from the telescreen was still pouring forth its tale of
prisoners and booty and slaughter, but the shouting outside had died down a little. The waiters were turning back to their work. One
of them approached with the gin bottle. Winston, sitting in a
blissful dream, paid no attention as his glass was filled up. He was
not running or cheering any longer. He was back in the Ministry of
Love, with everything forgiven, his soul white as snow. He was in
the public dock, confessing everything, implicating everybody. He
was walking down the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of
walking in sunlight, and an armed guard at his back. The longhoped-for bullet was entering his brain.
He gazed up at the enormous face. Forty years it had taken
him to learn what kind of smile was hidden beneath the dark
moustache. O cruel, needless misunderstanding! O stubborn, selfwilled exile from the loving breast! Two gin-scented tears trickled
down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all
right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over
himself. He loved Big Brother.

APPENDIX.
THE PRINCIPLES OF NEWSPEAK

Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been
devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English
Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used
Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or
writing. The leading articles in ‘The Times’ were written in it, but
this was a TOUR DE FORCE which could only be carried out by a
specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally
superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by
about the year 2050. Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party
members tending to use Newspeak words and grammatical
constructions more and more in their everyday speech. The version
in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of
the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained
many superfluous words and archaic formations which were due to
be suppressed later. It is with the final, perfected version, as
embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are
concerned here.
The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of
expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the
devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought
impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted
once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought — that
is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc — should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on
words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often
very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could
properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and
also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This
was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by
eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as
remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all
secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word
FREE still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such
statements as ‘This dog is free from lice’ or ‘This field is free from
weeds’. It could not be used in its old sense of ‘politically free’ or
‘intellectually free’ since political and intellectual freedom no
longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity
nameless. Quite apart from the suppression of definitely heretical
words, reduction of vocabulary was regarded as an end in itself, and
no word that could be dispensed with was allowed to survive.
Newspeak was designed not to extend but to DIMINISH the range
of thought, and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the
choice of words down to a minimum.
Newspeak was founded on the English language as we now
know it, though many Newspeak sentences, even when not
containing newly-created words, would be barely intelligible to an
English-speaker of our own day. Newspeak words were divided into
three distinct classes, known as the A vocabulary, the B vocabulary
(also called compound words), and the C vocabulary. It will be
simpler to discuss each class separately, but the grammatical
peculiarities of the language can be dealt with in the section
devoted to the A vocabulary, since the same rules held good for all
three categories. THE A VOCABULARY. The A vocabulary consisted of the
words needed for the business of everyday life — for such things as
eating, drinking, working, putting on one’s clothes, going up and
down stairs, riding in vehicles, gardening, cooking, and the like. It
was composed almost entirely of words that we already possess
words like HIT, RUN, DOG, TREE, SUGAR, HOUSE, FIELD— but
in comparison with the present-day English vocabulary their
number was extremely small, while their meanings were far more
rigidly defined. All ambiguities and shades of meaning had been
purged out of them. So far as it could be achieved, a Newspeak
word of this class was simply a staccato sound expressing ONE
clearly understood concept. It would have been quite impossible to
use the A vocabulary for literary purposes or for political or
philosophical discussion. It was intended only to express simple,
purposive thoughts, usually involving concrete objects or physical
actions.
The grammar of Newspeak had two outstanding peculiarities.
The first of these was an almost complete interchangeability
between different parts of speech. Any word in the language (in
principle this applied even to very abstract words such as IF or
WHEN) could be used either as verb, noun, adjective, or adverb.
Between the verb and the noun form, when they were of the same
root, there was never any variation, this rule of itself involving the
destruction of many archaic forms. The word THOUGHT, for
example, did not exist in Newspeak. Its place was taken by THINK,
which did duty for both noun and verb. No etymological principle
was followed here: in some cases it was the original noun that was
chosen for retention, in other cases the verb. Even where a noun
and verb of kindred meaning were not etymologically connected,
one or other of them was frequently suppressed. There was, for example, no such word as CUT, its meaning being sufficiently
covered by the noun-verb KNIFE. Adjectives were formed by
adding the suffix — FUL to the noun-verb, and adverbs by adding —
WISE. Thus for example, SPEEDFUL meant ‘rapid’ and
SPEEDWISE meant ‘quickly’. Certain of our present-day adjectives,
such as GOOD, STRONG, BIG, BLACK, SOFT, were retained, but
their total number was very small. There was little need for them,
since almost any adjectival meaning could be arrived at by adding
— FUL to a noun-verb. None of the now-existing adverbs was
retained, except for a very few already ending in — WISE: the —
WISE termination was invariable. The word WELL, for example,
was replaced by GOODWISE.
In addition, any word — this again applied in principle to every
word in the language — could be negatived by adding the affix UN-,
or could be strengthened by the affix PLUS-, or, for still greater
emphasis, DOUBLEPLUS-. Thus, for example, UNCOLD meant
‘warm’, while PLUSCOLD and DOUBLEPLUSCOLD meant,
respectively, ‘very cold’ and ‘superlatively cold’. It was also
possible, as in present-day English, to modify the meaning of
almost any word by prepositional affixes such as ANTE-, POST-,
UP-, DOWN-, etc. By such methods it was found possible to bring
about an enormous diminution of vocabulary. Given, for instance,
the word GOOD, there was no need for such a word as BAD, since
the required meaning was equally well — indeed, better —
expressed by UNGOOD. All that was necessary, in any case where
two words formed a natural pair of opposites, was to decide which
of them to suppress. DARK, for example, could be replaced by
UNLIGHT, or LIGHT by UNDARK, according to preference.
The second distinguishing mark of Newspeak grammar was its
regularity. Subject to a few exceptions which are mentioned below all inflexions followed the same rules. Thus, in all verbs the
preterite and the past participle were the same and ended in — ED.
The preterite of STEAL was STEALED, the preterite of THINK was
THINKED, and so on throughout the language, all such forms as
SWAM, GAVE, BROUGHT, SPOKE, TAKEN, etc., being abolished.
All plurals were made by adding — S or — ES as the case might be.
The plurals OF MAN, OX, LIFE, were MANS, OXES, LIFES.
Comparison of adjectives was invariably made by adding — ER, —
EST (GOOD, GOODER, GOODEST), irregular forms and the
MORE, MOST formation being suppressed.
The only classes of words that were still allowed to inflect
irregularly were the pronouns, the relatives, the demonstrative
adjectives, and the auxiliary verbs. All of these followed their
ancient usage, except that WHOM had been scrapped as
unnecessary, and the SHALL, SHOULD tenses had been dropped,
all their uses being covered by WILL and WOULD. There were also
certain irregularities in word-formation arising out of the need for
rapid and easy speech. A word which was difficult to utter, or was
liable to be incorrectly heard, was held to be ipso facto a bad word;
occasionally therefore, for the sake of euphony, extra letters were
inserted into a word or an archaic formation was retained. But this
need made itself felt chiefly in connexion with the B vocabulary.
WHY so great an importance was attached to ease of pronunciation
will be made clear later in this essay.
THE B VOCABULARY. The B vocabulary consisted of words
which had been deliberately constructed for political purposes:
words, that is to say, which not only had in every case a political
implication, but were intended to impose a desirable mental
attitude upon the person using them. Without a full understanding
of the principles of Ingsoc it was difficult to use these words correctly. In some cases they could be translated into Oldspeak, or
even into words taken from the A vocabulary, but this usually
demanded a long paraphrase and always involved the loss of
certain overtones. The B words were a sort of verbal shorthand,
often packing whole ranges of ideas into a few syllables, and at the
same time more accurate and forcible than ordinary language.
The B words were in all cases compound words. [Compound
words such as SPEAKWRITE, were of course to be found in the A
vocabulary, but these were merely convenient abbreviations and
had no special ideological colour.] They consisted of two or more
words, or portions of words, welded together in an easily
pronounceable form. The resulting amalgam was always a nounverb, and inflected according to the ordinary rules. To take a single
example: the word GOODTHINK, meaning, very roughly,
‘orthodoxy’, or, if one chose to regard it as a verb, ‘to think in an
orthodox manner’. This inflected as follows: noun-verb,
GOODTHINK; past tense and past participle, GOODTHINKED;
present participle, GOOD-THINKING; adjective,
GOODTHINKFUL; adverb, GOODTHINKWISE; verbal noun,
GOODTHINKER.
The B words were not constructed on any etymological plan.
The words of which they were made up could be any parts of
speech, and could be placed in any order and mutilated in any way
which made them easy to pronounce while indicating their
derivation. In the word CRIMETHINK (thoughtcrime), for
instance, the THINK came second, whereas in THINKPOL
(Thought Police) it came first, and in the latter word POLICE had
lost its second syllable. Because of the great difficulty in securing
euphony, irregular formations were commoner in the B vocabulary
than in the A vocabulary. For example, the adjective forms of MINITRUE, MINIPAX, and MINILUV were, respectively,
MINITRUTHFUL, MINIPEACEFUL, and MINILOVELY, simply
because — TRUEFUL, -PAXFUL, and — LOVEFUL were slightly
awkward to pronounce. In principle, however, all B words could
inflect, and all inflected in exactly the same way.
Some of the B words had highly subtilized meanings, barely
intelligible to anyone who had not mastered the language as a
whole. Consider, for example, such a typical sentence from a
‘Times’ leading article as OLDTHINKERS UNBELLYFEEL
INGSOC. The shortest rendering that one could make of this in
Oldspeak would be: ‘Those whose ideas were formed before the
Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the
principles of English Socialism.’ But this is not an adequate
translation. To begin with, in order to grasp the full meaning of the
Newspeak sentence quoted above, one would have to have a clear
idea of what is meant by INGSOC. And in addition, only a person
thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of
the word BELLYFEEL, which implied a blind, enthusiastic
acceptance difficult to imagine today; or of the word OLDTHINK,
which was inextricably mixed up with the idea of wickedness and
decadence. But the special function of certain Newspeak words, of
which OLDTHINK was one, was not so much to express meanings
as to destroy them. These words, necessarily few in number, had
had their meanings extended until they contained within
themselves whole batteries of words which, as they were
sufficiently covered by a single comprehensive term, could now be
scrapped and forgotten. The greatest difficulty facing the compilers
of the Newspeak Dictionary was not to invent new words, but,
having invented them, to make sure what they meant: to make
sure, that is to say, what ranges of words they cancelled by their existence.
As we have already seen in the case of the word FREE, words
which had once borne a heretical meaning were sometimes
retained for the sake of convenience, but only with the undesirable
meanings purged out of them. Countless other words such as
HONOUR, JUSTICE, MORALITY, INTERNATIONALISM,
DEMOCRACY, SCIENCE, and RELIGION had simply ceased to
exist. A few blanket words covered them, and, in covering them,
abolished them. All words grouping themselves round the concepts
of liberty and equality, for instance, were contained in the single
word CRIMETHINK, while all words grouping themselves round
the concepts of objectivity and rationalism were contained in the
single word OLDTHINK. Greater precision would have been
dangerous. What was required in a Party member was an outlook
similar to that of the ancient Hebrew who knew, without knowing
much else, that all nations other than his own worshipped ‘false
gods’. He did not need to know that these gods were called Baal,
Osiris, Moloch, Ashtaroth, and the like: probably the less he knew
about them the better for his orthodoxy. He knew Jehovah and the
commandments of Jehovah: he knew, therefore, that all gods with
other names or other attributes were false gods. In somewhat the
same way, the party member knew what constituted right conduct,
and in exceedingly vague, generalized terms he knew what kinds of
departure from it were possible. His sexual life, for example, was
entirely regulated by the two Newspeak words SEXCRIME (sexual
immorality) and GOODSEX (chastity). SEXCRIME covered all
sexual misdeeds whatever. It covered fornication, adultery,
homosexuality, and other perversions, and, in addition, normal
intercourse practised for its own sake. There was no need to
enumerate them separately, since they were all equally culpable, and, in principle, all punishable by death. In the C vocabulary,
which consisted of scientific and technical words, it might be
necessary to give specialized names to certain sexual aberrations,
but the ordinary citizen had no need of them. He knew what was
meant by GOODSEX— that is to say, normal intercourse between
man and wife, for the sole purpose of begetting children, and
without physical pleasure on the part of the woman: all else was
SEXCRIME. In Newspeak it was seldom possible to follow a
heretical thought further than the perception that it WAS heretical:
beyond that point the necessary words were nonexistent.
No word in the B vocabulary was ideologically neutral. A great
many were euphemisms. Such words, for instance, as JOYCAMP
(forced-labour camp) or MINIPAX (Ministry of Peace, i.e. Ministry
of War) meant almost the exact opposite of what they appeared to
mean. Some words, on the other hand, displayed a frank and
contemptuous understanding of the real nature of Oceanic society.
An example was PROLEFEED, meaning the rubbishy
entertainment and spurious news which the Party handed out to
the masses. Other words, again, were ambivalent, having the
connotation ‘good’ when applied to the Party and ‘bad’ when
applied to its enemies. But in addition there were great numbers of
words which at first sight appeared to be mere abbreviations and
which derived their ideological colour not from their meaning, but
from their structure.
So far as it could be contrived, everything that had or might
have political significance of any kind was fitted into the B
vocabulary. The name of every organization, or body of people, or
doctrine, or country, or institution, or public building, was
invariably cut down into the familiar shape; that is, a single easily
pronounced word with the smallest number of syllables that would preserve the original derivation. In the Ministry of Truth, for
example, the Records Department, in which Winston Smith
worked, was called RECDEP, the Fiction Department was called
FICDEP, the Teleprogrammes Department was called TELEDEP,
and so on. This was not done solely with the object of saving time.
Even in the early decades of the twentieth century, telescoped
words and phrases had been one of the characteristic features of
political language; and it had been noticed that the tendency to use
abbreviations of this kind was most marked in totalitarian
countries and totalitarian organizations. Examples were such
words as NAZI, GESTAPO, COMINTERN, INPRECORR,
AGITPROP. In the beginning the practice had been adopted as it
were instinctively, but in Newspeak it was used with a conscious
purpose. It was perceived that in thus abbreviating a name one
narrowed and subtly altered its meaning, by cutting out most of the
associations that would otherwise cling to it. The words
COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL, for instance, call up a composite
picture of universal human brotherhood, red flags, barricades, Karl
Marx, and the Paris Commune. The word COMINTERN, on the
other hand, suggests merely a tightly-knit organization and a welldefined body of doctrine. It refers to something almost as easily
recognized, and as limited in purpose, as a chair or a table.
COMINTERN is a word that can be uttered almost without taking
thought, whereas COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL is a phrase over
which one is obliged to linger at least momentarily. In the same
way, the associations called up by a word like MINITRUE are fewer
and more controllable than those called up by MINISTRY OF
TRUTH. This accounted not only for the habit of abbreviating
whenever possible, but also for the almost exaggerated care that
was taken to make every word easily pronounceable. In Newspeak, euphony outweighed every consideration other
than exactitude of meaning. Regularity of grammar was always
sacrificed to it when it seemed necessary. And rightly so, since
what was required, above all for political purposes, was short
clipped words of unmistakable meaning which could be uttered
rapidly and which roused the minimum of echoes in the speaker’s
mind. The words of the B vocabulary even gained in force from the
fact that nearly all of them were very much alike. Almost invariably
these words — GOODTHINK, MINIPAX, PROLEFEED,
SEXCRIME, JOYCAMP, INGSOC, BELLYFEEL, THINKPOL, and
countless others — were words of two or three syllables, with the
stress distributed equally between the first syllable and the last.
The use of them encouraged a gabbling style of speech, at once
staccato and monotonous. And this was exactly what was aimed at.
The intention was to make speech, and especially speech on any
subject not ideologically neutral, as nearly as possible independent
of consciousness. For the purposes of everyday life it was no doubt
necessary, or sometimes necessary, to reflect before speaking, but a
Party member called upon to make a political or ethical judgement
should be able to spray forth the correct opinions as automatically
as a machine gun spraying forth bullets. His training fitted him to
do this, the language gave him an almost foolproof instrument, and
the texture of the words, with their harsh sound and a certain
wilful ugliness which was in accord with the spirit of Ingsoc,
assisted the process still further.
So did the fact of having very few words to choose from.
Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new
ways of reducing it were constantly being devised. Newspeak,
indeed, differed from most all other languages in that its
vocabulary grew smaller instead of larger every year. Each reduction was a gain, since the smaller the area of choice, the
smaller the temptation to take thought. Ultimately it was hoped to
make articulate speech issue from the larynx without involving the
higher brain centres at all. This aim was frankly admitted in the
Newspeak word DUCKSPEAK, meaning ‘to quack like a duck’. Like
various other words in the B vocabulary, DUCKSPEAK was
ambivalent in meaning. Provided that the opinions which were
quacked out were orthodox ones, it implied nothing but praise, and
when ‘The Times’ referred to one of the orators of the Party as a
DOUBLEPLUSGOOD DUCKSPEAKER it was paying a warm and
valued compliment.
THE C VOCABULARY. The C vocabulary was supplementary to
the others and consisted entirely of scientific and technical terms.
These resembled the scientific terms in use today, and were
constructed from the same roots, but the usual care was taken to
define them rigidly and strip them of undesirable meanings. They
followed the same grammatical rules as the words in the other two
vocabularies. Very few of the C words had any currency either in
everyday speech or in political speech. Any scientific worker or
technician could find all the words he needed in the list devoted to
his own speciality, but he seldom had more than a smattering of
the words occurring in the other lists. Only a very few words were
common to all lists, and there was no vocabulary expressing the
function of Science as a habit of mind, or a method of thought,
irrespective of its particular branches. There was, indeed, no word
for ‘Science’, any meaning that it could possibly bear being already
sufficiently covered by the word INGSOC.
From the foregoing account it will be seen that in Newspeak
the expression of unorthodox opinions, above a very low level, was
well-nigh impossible. It was of course possible to utter heresies of a very crude kind, a species of blasphemy. It would have been
possible, for example, to say BIG BROTHER IS UNGOOD. But this
statement, which to an orthodox ear merely conveyed a selfevident absurdity, could not have been sustained by reasoned
argument, because the necessary words were not available. Ideas
inimical to Ingsoc could only be entertained in a vague wordless
form, and could only be named in very broad terms which lumped
together and condemned whole groups of heresies without
defining them in doing so. One could, in fact, only use Newspeak
for unorthodox purposes by illegitimately translating some of the
words back into Oldspeak. For example, ALL MANS ARE EQUAL
was a possible Newspeak sentence, but only in the same sense in
which ALL MEN ARE REDHAIRED is a possible Oldspeak
sentence. It did not contain a grammatical error, but it expressed a
palpable untruth — i.e. that all men are of equal size, weight, or
strength. The concept of political equality no longer existed, and
this secondary meaning had accordingly been purged out of the
word EQUAL. In 1984, when Oldspeak was still the normal means
of communication, the danger theoretically existed that in using
Newspeak words one might remember their original meanings. In
practice it was not difficult for any person well grounded in
DOUBLETHINK to avoid doing this, but within a couple of
generations even the possibility of such a lapse would have
vanished. A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language
would no more know that EQUAL had once had the secondary
meaning of ‘politically equal’, or that FREE had once meant
‘intellectually free’, than for instance, a person who had never
heard of chess would be aware of the secondary meanings
attaching to QUEEN and ROOK. There would be many crimes and
errors which it would be beyond his power to commit, simply
because they were nameless and therefore unimaginable. And it was to be foreseen that with the passage of time the distinguishing
characteristics of Newspeak would become more and more
pronounced — its words growing fewer and fewer, their meanings
more and more rigid, and the chance of putting them to improper
uses always diminishing.
When Oldspeak had been once and for all superseded, the last
link with the past would have been severed. History had already
been rewritten, but fragments of the literature of the past survived
here and there, imperfectly censored, and so long as one retained
one’s knowledge of Oldspeak it was possible to read them. In the
future such fragments, even if they chanced to survive, would be
unintelligible and untranslatable. It was impossible to translate
any passage of Oldspeak into Newspeak unless it either referred to
some technical process or some very simple everyday action, or
was already orthodox (GOODTHINKFUL would be the Newspeak
expression) in tendency. In practice this meant that no book
written before approximately 1960 could be translated as a whole.
Pre-revolutionary literature could only be subjected to ideological
translation — that is, alteration in sense as well as language. Take
for example the well-known passage from the Declaration of
Independence:
WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF-EVIDENT, THAT
ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL, THAT THEY ARE ENDOWED
BY THEIR CREATOR WITH CERTAIN INALIENABLE RIGHTS,
THAT AMONG THESE ARE LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT
OF HAPPINESS. THAT TO SECURE THESE RIGHTS,
GOVERNMENTS ARE INSTITUTED AMONG MEN, DERIVING
THEIR POWERS FROM THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED.
THAT WHENEVER ANY FORM OF GOVERNMENT BECOMES
DESTRUCTIVE OF THOSE ENDS, IT IS THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE TO ALTER OR ABOLISH IT, AND TO INSTITUTE NEW
GOVERNMENT . . .
It would have been quite impossible to render this into
Newspeak while keeping to the sense of the original. The nearest
one could come to doing so would be to swallow the whole passage
up in the single word CRIMETHINK. A full translation could only
be an ideological translation, whereby Jefferson’s words would be
changed into a panegyric on absolute government.
A good deal of the literature of the past was, indeed, already
being transformed in this way. Considerations of prestige made it
desirable to preserve the memory of certain historical figures,
while at the same time bringing their achievements into line with
the philosophy of Ingsoc. Various writers, such as Shakespeare,
Milton, Swift, Byron, Dickens, and some others were therefore in
process of translation: when the task had been completed, their
original writings, with all else that survived of the literature of the
past, would be destroyed. These translations were a slow and
difficult business, and it was not expected that they would be
finished before the first or second decade of the twenty-first
century. There were also large quantities of merely utilitarian
literature — indispensable technical manuals, and the like — that
had to be treated in the same way. It was chiefly in order to allow
time for the preliminary work of translation that the final adoption
of Newspeak had been fixed for so late a date as 2050.